frequency, as indicated in the following table of the total number of days of fog in the years from 1871:—
| 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884. | 1885. | 1886. | 1887. | 1888. | 1889. |
| 42 | 35 | 75 | 53 | 49 | 40 | 46 | 63 | 69 | 74 | 59 | 69 | 61 | 53 | 69 | 86 | 83 | 62 | 75 |
| 1890. | 1891. | 1892. | 1893. | 1894. | 1895. | 1896. | 1897. | 1898. | 1899. | 1900. | 1901. | 1902. | 1903. | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. | 1908. |
| 65 | 69 | 68 | 31 | 51 | 48 | 43 | 48 | 47 | 56 | 13 | 45 | 42 | 26 | 44 | 19 | 16 | 37 | 19 |
But from any statistics of the frequency occurrence of fog it must not be understood that the atmosphere of London is approaching that of the surrounding districts as regards transparency. Judged by the autographic records it is still almost opaque to sunshine strong enough to burn the card of the recorder during the winter months.
The bibliography of fog is very extensive. The titles referring to fog, mist and haze in the Bibliography of Meteorology (part ii.) of the U.S. Signal Office, published in 1889, number 306. Among more recent authors on the subject, besides those referred to in the text, may be mentioned:—Köppen, “Bodennebel,” Met. Zeit. (1885); Trabert, Met. Zeit. (1901), p. 522; Elias in Ergebnisse des aëronautischen Observatoriums bei Berlin, ii. (Berlin, 1904); Scott, Q.J.R. Met. Soc. xix. p. 229; A. G. McAdie, “Fog Studies,” Amer. Inv. ix. (Washington, D.C., 1902), p. 209; Buchan, “Fogs on the Coasts of Scotland,” Journ. Scot. Met. Soc. xii. p. 3. (W. N. S.)
FOGAZZARO, ANTONIO (1842– ), Italian novelist and
poet, was born at Vicenza in 1842. He was a pupil of the Abate
Zanella, one of the best of the modern Italian poets, whose
tender, thoughtful and deeply religious spirit continued to
animate his literary productions. He began his literary career
with Miranda, a poetical romance (1874), followed in 1876
by Valsolda, which, republished in 1886 with considerable additions,
constitutes perhaps his principal claim as a poet, which
is not inconsiderable. To the classic grandeur of Carducci and
D’Annunzio’s impetuous torrent of melody Fogazzaro opposes
a Wordsworthian simplicity and pathos, contributing to modern
Italian literature wholesome elements of which it would otherwise
be nearly destitute. His novels, Malombra (1882), Daniele
Cortis (1887), Misterio del Poeta (1888), obtained considerable
literary success upon their first publication, but did not gain
universal popularity until they were discovered and taken up by
French critics in 1896. The demand then became prodigious,
and a new work, Piccolo Mondo antico (1896), which critics far
from friendly to Fogazzaro’s religious and philosophical ideas
pronounced the best Italian novel since I Promessi Sposi, went
through numerous editions. Even greater sensation was caused
by his novel Il Santo (The Saint, 1906), on account of its being
treated as unorthodox by the Vatican; and Fogazzaro’s sympathy
with the Liberal Catholic movement—his own Catholicism
being well known—made this novel a centre of discussion in the
Roman Catholic world.
See the biography by Molmenti (1900).
FOGELBERG, BENEDICT (or Bengt) ERLAND (1786–1854),
Swedish sculptor, was born at Gothenburg on the 8th of August
1786. His father, a copper-founder, encouraging an early-exhibited
taste for design, sent him in 1801 to Stockholm, where
he studied at the school of art. There he came much under the
influence of the sculptor Sergell, who communicated to him his
own enthusiasm for antique art and natural grace. Fogelberg
worked hard at Stockholm for many years, although his instinct
for severe beauty rebelled against the somewhat rococo quality
of the art then prevalent in the city. In 1818 the grant of a
government pension enabled him to travel. He studied from
one to two years in Paris, first under Pierre Guérin, and afterwards
under the sculptor Bosio, for the technical practice of
sculpture. In 1820 Fogelberg realized a dream of his life in
visiting Rome, where the greater part of his remaining years
were spent in the assiduous practice of his art, and the careful
study and analysis of the works of the past. Visiting his native
country by royal command in 1854, he was received with great
enthusiasm, but nothing could compensate him for the absence
of those remains of antiquity and surroundings of free natural
beauty to which he had been so long accustomed. Returning
to Italy, he died suddenly of apoplexy at Trieste on the 22nd
of December 1854. The subjects of Fogelberg’s earlier works
are mostly taken
from classic mythology.
Of these,
“Cupid and
Psyche,” “Venus
entering the
Bath,” “A
Bather” (1838),
“Apollo Citharede,” “Venus and Cupid” (1839) and “Psyche”
(1854) may be mentioned. In his representations of Scandinavian
mythology Fogelberg showed, perhaps for the first time, that he
had powers above those of intelligent assimilation and imitation.
His “Odin” (1831), “Thor” (1842), and “Balder” (1842), though influenced
by Greek art, display considerable power of independent
imagination. His portraits and historical figures, as those of
Gustavus Adolphus (1849), of Charles XII. (1851), of Charles XIII.
(1852), and of Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm (1853),
are faithful and dignified works.
See Casimir Leconte, L’Œuvre de Fogelberg (Paris, 1856).
FOGGIA, a town and episcopal see (since 1855) of Apulia, Italy,
the capital of the province of Foggia, situated 243 ft. above sea-level,
in the centre of the great Apulian plain, 201 m. by rail S.E.
of Ancona and 123 m. N.E. by E. of Naples. Pop. (1901) town,
49,031; commune, 53,134. The name is probably derived from
the pits or cellars (foveae) in which the inhabitants store their
grain. The town is the medieval successor of the ancient Arpi,
3 m. to the N.; the Normans, after conquering the district from
the Eastern empire, gave it its first importance. The date of the
erection of the cathedral is probably about 1179; it retains some
traces of Norman architecture, and the façade has a fine figured
cornice by Bartolommeo da Foggia; the crypt has capitals of
the 11th (?) century. The whole church was, however, much
altered after the earthquake of 1731. A gateway of the palace
of the emperor Frederick II. (1223, by Bartolommeo da Foggia)
is also preserved. Here died his third wife, Isabella, daughter
of King John of England. Charles of Anjou died here in 1284.
After his son’s death, it was a prey to internal dissensions and
finally came under Alphonso I. of Aragon, who converted the
pastures of the Apulian plain into a royal domain in 1445, and
made Foggia the place at which the tax on the sheep was to be
paid and the wool to be sold. The other buildings of the town
are modern. Foggia is a commercial centre of some importance
for the produce of the surrounding country, and is also a considerable
railway centre, being situated on the main line from
Bologna to Brindisi, at the point where this is joined by the line
from Benevento and Caserta. There are also branches to
Rocchetta S. Antonio (and thence to either Avellino, Potenza,
or Gioia del Colle), to Manfredonia, and to Lucera.
FÖHN (Ger., probably derived through Romansch favongn,
favoign, from Lat. favonius), a warm dry wind blowing down the
valleys of the Alps from high central regions, most frequently
in winter. The Föhn wind often blows with great violence.
It is caused by the indraft of air from the elevated region to
areas of low barometric pressure in the neighbourhood, and the
warmth and dryness are due to dynamical compression of the
air as it descends to lower levels. Similar local winds occur
in many parts of the world, as Greenland, and on the slopes of the
Rocky Mountains. In the southern Alpine valleys the Föhn
wind is often called sirocco, but its nature and cause are different
from the true sirocco. The belief that the warm dry wind comes
from the Sahara dies hard; and still finds expression in some
textbooks.
For a full account of these winds see Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, p. 594.
FÖHR, a German island in the North Sea, belonging to
the province of Schleswig-Holstein, and situated off its coast.
Pop. 4500. It comprises an area of 32 sq. m., and is reached by
a regular steamboat service from Husum and Dagebüll on the
mainland to Wyk, the principal bathing resort on the E. coast of
the island. The chief attraction of Wyk is the Sandwall, a
