a castle constructed by Charles I. of Anjou. The other fortifications have been removed. The handsome cathedral dates from 1629. The town was once famous for its exports of olive-oil, which was stored, until it clarified, in cisterns cut in the rock. This still continues, but to a less extent; the export of wine, however, is increasing, and fruit is also exported.
The ancient Callipolis was obviously of Greek origin, as its name (“beautiful city”) shows. It is hardly mentioned in ancient times. Pliny tells us that in his time it was known as Anxa. It lay a little off the road from Tarentum to Hydruntum, but was reached by a branch from Aletium (the site is marked by the modern church of S. Maria della Lizza), among the ruins of which many Messapian inscriptions, but no Latin ones, have been found. (T. As.)
GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. Καλλίπολις), a seaport and
city of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Adrianople; at the
north-western extremity of the Dardanelles, on a narrow peninsula
132 m. W.S.W. of Constantinople, and 90 m. S. of Adrianople, in
40° 24′ N. and 26° 40′ 30″ E. Pop. (1905) about 25,000. Nearly
opposite is Lapsaki on the Asiatic side of the channel, which is
here about 2 m. wide. Gallipoli has an unattractive appearance;
its streets are narrow and dirty, and many of its houses are
built of wood, although there are a few better structures, occupied
by the foreign residents and the richer class of Turkish citizens.
The only noteworthy buildings are the large, crowded and
well-furnished bazaars with leaden domes. There are several
mosques, none of them remarkable, and many interesting Roman
and Byzantine remains, especially a magazine of the emperor
Justinian (483–565), a square castle and tower attributed to
Bayezid I. (1389–1403), and some tumuli on the south, popularly
called the tombs of the Thracian kings. The lighthouse, built
on a cliff, has a fine appearance as seen from the Dardanelles.
Gallipoli is the seat of a Greek bishop. It has two good harbours,
and is the principal station for the Turkish fleet. From its
position as the key of the Dardanelles, it was occupied by the
allied French and British armies in 1854. Then the isthmus a few
miles north of the town, between it and Bulair, was fortified with
strong earthworks by English and French engineers, mainly on
the lines of the old works constructed in 1357. These fortifications
were renewed and enlarged in January 1878, on the
Russians threatening to take possession of Constantinople.
The peninsula thus isolated by the fortified positions has the Gulf
of Saros on the N.W., and extends some 50 m. S.W. The guns
of Gallipoli command the Dardanelles just before the strait
joins the Sea of Marmora. The town itself is not very strongly
fortified, the principal fortifications being farther down the
Dardanelles, where the passage is narrower.
The district (sanjak) of Gallipoli is exceedingly fertile and well adapted for agriculture. It has about 100,000 inhabitants, and comprises four kazas (cantons), namely, (1) Maitos, noted for its excellent cotton; (2) Keshan, lying inland north of Gallipoli, noted for its cattle-market, and producing grain, linseed and canary seed; (3) Myriofyto; and (4) Sharkeui or Shar-Koi (Peristeri) on the coast of the Sea of Marmora. Copper ore and petroleum are worked at Sharkeui, and the neighbourhood formerly produced wine that was highly esteemed and largely exported to France for blending. Heavy taxation, however, amounting to 55% of the value of the wine, broke the spirit of the viticulturists, most of whom uprooted their vines and replanted their lands with mulberry trees, making sericulture their occupation.
There are no important industrial establishments in Gallipoli itself, except steam flour-mills and a sardine factory. The line of railway between Adrianople and the Aegean Sea has been prejudicial to the transit trade of Gallipoli, and several attempts have been made to obtain concessions for the construction of a railway that would connect this port with the Turkish railway system. Steamers to and from Constantinople call regularly. In 1904 the total value of the exports was £80,000. Wheat and maize are exported to the Aegean islands and to Turkish ports on the mainland; barley, oats and linseed to Great Britain; canary seed chiefly to Australia; beans to France and Spain. Semolina and bran are manufactured in the district. Live stock, principally sheep, pass through Gallipoli in transit to Constantinople and Smyrna. Cheese, sardines, goats’ skins and sheepskins are also exported. The imports include woollen and cotton fabrics from Italy, Germany, France and Great Britain, and hardware from Germany and Austria. These goods are imported through Constantinople. Cordage is chiefly obtained from Servia. Other imports are fuel, iron and groceries.
The Macedonian city of Callipolis was founded in the 5th century B.C. At an early date it became a Christian bishopric, and in the middle ages developed into a great commercial city, with a population estimated at 100,000. It was fortified by the East Roman emperors owing to its commanding strategic position and its valuable trade with Greece and Italy. In 1190 the armies of the Third Crusade, under the emperor Frederick I. (Barbarossa), embarked here for Asia Minor. After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, Gallipoli passed into the power of Venice. In 1294 the Genoese defeated a Venetian force in the neighbourhood. A body of Catalans, under Roger Florus, established themselves here in 1306, and after the death of their leader massacred almost all the citizens; they were vainly besieged by the allied troops of Venice and the Empire, and withdrew in 1307, after dismantling the fortifications. About the middle of the 14th century the Turks invaded Europe, and Gallipoli was the first city to fall into their power. The Venetians under Pietro Loredano defeated the Turks here in 1416.
GALLIPOLIS, a city and the county-seat of Gallia county,
Ohio, U.S.A., on the Ohio river, about 125 m. E. by S. of
Cincinnati. Pop. (1890) 4498; (1900) 5432 (852 negroes); (1910)
5560. It is served by the Kanawha & Michigan (Ohio Central
Lines) and the Hocking Valley railways, and (at Gallipolis Ferry,
West Virginia, across the Ohio) by the Baltimore & Ohio railway.
The city is built on a level site several feet above the river’s
high-water mark. It has a United States marine hospital and a
state hospital for epileptics. Among the city’s manufactures are
lumber, furniture, iron, stoves, flour and brooms. The municipality
owns and operates its water-works. Gallipolis was
settled in 1790 by colonists from France, who had received
worthless deeds to lands in Ohio from the Scioto Land Company,
founded by Col. William Duer (1747–1799) and others in 1787
and officially organized in 1789 as the Compagnie du Scioto in
Paris by Joel Barlow, the agent of Duer and his associates
abroad, William Playfair, an Englishman, and six Frenchmen.
This company had arranged with the Ohio Company in 1787 for
the use of about 4,000,000 acres, N. of the Ohio and E. of the
Scioto, on which the Ohio Company had secured an option only.
The dishonesty of those who conducted the sales in France, the
unbusinesslike methods of Barlow, and the failure of Duer and
his associates to meet their contract with the Ohio Company,
caused the collapse of the Scioto Company early in 1790, and two
subsequent attempts to revive it failed. Meanwhile about
150,000 acres had been sold to prospective settlers in France, and
in October 1790 the French immigrants, who had been detained
for two months at Alexandria, Virginia, arrived on the site of
Gallipolis, where rude huts had been built for them. This land,
however, fell within the limits of the tract bought outright by the
Ohio Company, which sold it to the Scioto Company, and to
which it reverted on the failure of the Scioto Company to pay.
In 1794 William Bradford, attorney-general of the United States,
decided that all rights in the 4,000,000 acres, on which the Ohio
Company had secured an option for the Scioto Company, were
legally vested in the Ohio Company. In 1795 the Ohio Company
sold to the French settlers for $1.25 an acre the land they
occupied and adjacent improved lots, and the United States
government granted to them 24,000 acres in the southern part of
what is now Scioto County in 1795; little of this land (still
known as the “French Grant”), however, was ever occupied by
them. Gallipolis was incorporated as a village in 1842, and was
first chartered as a city in 1865.
See Theodore T. Belote, The Scioto Speculation and the French Settlement at Gallipolis (Cincinnati, 1907), series 2, vol. iii. No. 3 of the University Studies of the University of Cincinnati.
