who thought her interests threatened, until Goluchowski guaranteed in 1898 the existing order. He further encouraged a good understanding with Italy by personal conferences with the Italian foreign minister, Tittoni, in 1904 and 1905. Count Lamsdorff visited Vienna in December 1902, when arrangements were made for concerted action in imposing on the sultan reforms in the government of Macedonia. Further steps were taken after Goluchowski’s interview with the tsar at Mürzsteg in 1903, and two civil agents representing the countries were appointed for two years to ensure the execution of the promised reforms. This period was extended in 1905, when Goluchowski was the chief mover in forcing the Porte, by an international naval demonstration at Mitylene, to accept financial control by the powers in Macedonia. At the conference assembled at Algeciras to settle the Morocco Question, Austria supported the German position, and after the close of the conferences the emperor William II. telegraphed to Goluchowski: “You have proved yourself a brilliant second on the duelling ground and you may feel certain of like services from me in similar circumstances.” This pledge was redeemed in 1908, when Germany’s support of Austria in the Balkan crisis proved conclusive. By the Hungarians, however, Goluchowski was hated; he was suspected of having inspired the emperor’s opposition to the use of Magyar in the Hungarian army, and was made responsible for the slight offered to the Magyar deputation by Francis Joseph in September 1905. So long as he remained in office there was no hope of arriving at a settlement of a matter which threatened the disruption of the Dual monarchy, and on the 11th of October 1906 he was forced to resign.
GOMAL, or Gumal, the name of a river of Afghanistan, and of
a mountain pass on the Dera Ismail Khan border of the North-West
Frontier Province of British India. The Gomal river, one
of the most important rivers in Afghanistan, rises in the unexplored
regions to the south-east of Ghazni. Its chief tributary
is the Zhob. Within the limits of British territory the Gomal
forms the boundary between the North-West Frontier Province
and Baluchistan, and more or less between the Pathan and
Baluch races. The Gomal pass is the most important pass on
the Indian frontier between the Khyber and the Bolan. It
connects Dera Ismail Khan with the Gomal valley in Afghanistan,
and has formed for centuries the outlet for the povindah trade.
Until the year 1889 this pass was almost unknown to the Anglo-Indian
official; but in that year the government of India
decided that, in order to maintain the safety of the railway
as well as to perfect communication between Quetta and the
Punjab, the Zhob valley should, like the Bori valley, be brought
under British protection and control, and the Gomal pass should
be opened. After the Waziristan expedition of 1894 Wana was
occupied by British troops in order to dominate the Gomal and
Waziristan; but on the formation of the North-West Frontier
Province in 1901 it was decided to replace these troops by the
South Waziristan militia, who now secure the safety of the
pass.
GOMARUS, FRANZ (1563–1641), Dutch theologian, was born
at Bruges on the 30th of January 1563. His parents, having
embraced the principles of the Reformation, emigrated to the
Palatinate in 1578, in order to enjoy freedom to profess their
new faith, and they sent their son to be educated at Strassburg
under Johann Sturm (1507–1589). He remained there three
years, and then went in 1580 to Neustadt, whither the professors
of Heidelberg had been driven by the elector-palatine because
they were not Lutherans. Here his teachers in theology were
Zacharius Ursinus (1534–1583), Hieronymus Zanchius (1560–1590),
and Daniel Tossanus (1541–1602). Crossing to England
towards the end of 1582, he attended the lectures of John Rainolds
(1549–1607) at Oxford, and those of William Whitaker (1548–1595)
at Cambridge. He graduated at Cambridge in 1584, and
then went to Heidelberg, where the faculty had been by this time
re-established. He was pastor of a Reformed Dutch church in
Frankfort from 1587 till 1593, when the congregation was
dispersed by persecution. In 1594 he was appointed professor
of theology at Leiden, and before going thither received from
the university of Heidelberg the degree of doctor. He taught
quietly at Leiden till 1603, when Jakobus Arminius came to be
one of his colleagues in the theological faculty, and began to
teach Pelagian doctrines and to create a new party in the university.
Gomarus immediately set himself earnestly to oppose
these views in his classes at college, and was supported by
Johann B. Bogermann (1570–1637), who afterwards became
professor of theology at Franeker. Arminius “sought to make
election dependent upon faith, whilst they sought to enforce
absolute predestination as the rule of faith, according to which
the whole Scriptures are to be interpreted” (J. A. Dorner,
History of Protestant Theology, i. p. 417). Gomarus then became
the leader of the opponents of Arminius, who from that circumstance
came to be known as Gomarists. He engaged twice in
personal disputation with Arminius in the assembly of the
estates of Holland in 1608, and was one of five Gomarists who
met five Arminians or Remonstrants in the same assembly of
1609. On the death of Arminius shortly after this time, Konrad
Vorstius (1569–1622), who sympathized with his views, was
appointed to succeed him, in spite of the keen opposition of
Gomarus and his friends; and Gomarus took his defeat so ill
that he resigned his post, and went to Middleburg in 1611, where
he became preacher at the Reformed church, and taught theology
and Hebrew in the newly founded Illustre Schule. From this
place he was called in 1614 to a chair of theology at Saumur,
where he remained four years, and then accepted a call as
professor of theology and Hebrew to Groningen, where he stayed
till his death on the 11th of January 1641. He took a leading
part in the synod of Dort, assembled in 1618 to judge of the
doctrines of Arminius. He was a man of ability, enthusiasm
and learning, a considerable Oriental scholar, and also a keen
controversialist. He took part in revising the Dutch translation
of the Old Testament in 1633, and after his death a book by him,
called the Lyra Davidis, was published, which sought to explain
the principles of Hebrew metre, and which created some controversy
at the time, having been opposed by Louis Cappel.
His works were collected and published in one volume folio,
in Amsterdam in 1645. He was succeeded at Groningen in 1643
by his pupil Samuel Maresius (1599–1673).
GOMBERVILLE, MARIN LE ROY, Sieur du Parc et de
(1600–1674), French novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born
at Paris in 1600. At fourteen years of age he wrote a volume
of verse, at twenty a Discours sur l’histoire and at twenty-two
a pastoral, La Carithée, which is really a novel. The persons in
it, though still disguised as shepherds and shepherdesses, represent
real persons for whose identification the author himself
provides a key. This was followed by a more ambitious attempt,
Polexandre (5 vols. 1632–1637). The hero wanders through the
world in search of the island home of the princess Alcidiane.
It contains much history and geography; the travels of Polexandre
extending to such unexpected places as Benin, the Canary
Islands, Mexico and the Antilles, and incidentally we learn all that
was then known of Mexican history. Cythérée (4 vols.) appeared
in 1630–1642, and in 1651 the Jeune Alcidiane, intended to undo
any harm the earlier novels may have done, for Gomberville
became a Jansenist and spent the last twenty-five years of his
life in pious retirement. He was one of the earliest and most
energetic members of the Academy. He died in Paris on the
14th of June 1674.
GOMER, the biblical name of a race appearing in the table
of nations (Gen. x. 2), as the “eldest son” of Japheth and the
“father” of Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togarmah; and in Ezek.
xxxviii. 6 as a companion of “the house of Togarmah in the
uttermost parts of the north,” and an ally of Gog; both Gomer
and Togarmah being credited with “hordes,”[1] E.V., i.e.
“bands” or “armies.” The “sons” of Gomer are probably
tribes of north-east Asia Minor and Armenia, and Gomer is
identified with the Cimmerians. These are referred to in cuneiform
inscriptions under the Assyrian name gimmirā (gimirrai)
as raiding Asia Minor from the north and north-east of the Black
- ↑ אגף Ăgaph, a word peculiar to Ezekiel, Clarendon Press Heb. Lex.
