reliefs of the Escalier Henri II., and the Tribune des Cariatides, for which he received 737 livres on the 5th of September 1550. Between 1548 and 1554 rose the château d’Anet, in the embellishment of which Goujon was associated with Philibert Delorme in the service of Diana of Poitiers. Unfortunately the building accounts of Anet have disappeared, but Goujon executed a vast number of other works of equal importance, destroyed or lost in the great Revolution. In 1555 his name appears again in the Louvre accounts, and continues to do so every succeeding year up to 1562, when all trace of him is lost. In the course of this year an attempt was made to turn out of the royal employment all those who were suspected of Huguenot tendencies. Goujon has always been claimed as a Reformer; it is consequently possible that he was one of the victims of this attack. We should therefore probably ascribe the work attributed to him in the Hôtel Carnavalet (in situ), together with much else executed in various parts of Paris—but now dispersed or destroyed—to a period intervening between the date of his dismissal from the Louvre and his death, which is computed to have taken place between 1564 and 1568, probably at Bologna. The researches of M. Tomaso Sandonnini (see Gazette des Beaux Arts, 2e période, vol. xxxi.) have finally disposed of the supposition, long entertained, that Goujon died during the St Bartholomew massacre in 1572.
List of authentic works of Jean Goujon: Two marble columns supporting the organ of the church of St Maclou (Rouen) on right and left of porch on entering; left-hand gate of the church of St Maclou; bas-reliefs for decoration of screen of St Germain l’Auxerrois (now in Louvre); “Victory” over chimney-piece of Salle des Gardes at Écouen; altar at Chantilly; illustrations for Jean Martin’s translation of Vitruvius; bas-reliefs and sculptural decoration of Fontaine des Innocents; bas-reliefs adorning entrance of Hôtel Carnavalet, also series of satyrs’ heads on keystones of arcade of courtyard; fountain of Diana from Anet (now in Louvre); internal decoration of chapel at Anet; portico of Anet (now in courtyard of École des Beaux Arts); bust of Diane de Poiçtiers (now at Versailles); Tribune of Caryatides in the Louvre; decoration of “Escalier Henri II.,” Louvre; œils de bœuf and decoration of Henri II. façade, Louvre; groups for pediments of façade now placed over entrance to Egyptian and Assyrian collections, Louvre.
See A. A. Pottier, Œuvres de Goujon (1844); Reginald Lister, Jean Goujon (London, 1903).
GOUJON, JEAN MARIE CLAUDE ALEXANDRE (1766–1795),
French publicist and statesman, was born at Bourg on the
13th of April 1766, the son of a postmaster. The boy went
early to sea, and saw fighting when he was twelve years old;
in 1790 he settled at Meudon, and began to make good his lack
of education. As procureur-général-syndic of the department
of Seine-et-Oise, in August, 1792, he had to supply the inhabitants
with food, and fulfilled his difficult functions with energy and
tact. In the Convention, which he entered on the death of
Hérault de Séchelles, he took his seat on the benches of the
Mountain. He conducted a mission to the armies of the Rhine
and the Moselle with creditable moderation, and was a consistent
advocate of peace within the republic. Nevertheless,
he was a determined opponent of the counter-revolution, which
he denounced in the Jacobin Club and from the Mountain
after his recall to Paris, following on the revolution of the 9th
Thermidor (July 27, 1794). He was one of those who protested
against the readmission of Louvet and other survivors of the
Girondin party to the Convention in March 1795; and, when
the populace invaded the legislature on the 1st Prairial (May
20, 1795) and compelled the deputies to legislate in accordance
with their desires, he proposed the immediate establishment
of a special commission which should assure the execution of
the proposed changes and assume the functions of the various
committees. The failure of the insurrection involved the fall
of those deputies who had supported the demands of the populace.
Before the close of the sitting, Goujon, with Romme, Duroi,
Duquesnoy, Bourbotte, Soubrany and others were put under
arrest by their colleagues, and on their way to the château
of Taureau in Brittany had a narrow escape from a mob at
Avranches. They were brought back to Paris for trial before
a military commission on the 17th of June, and, though no proof
of their complicity in organizing the insurrection could be found—they
were, in fact, with the exception of Goujon and Bourbotte,
strangers to one another—they were condemned. In accordance
with a pre-arranged plan, they attempted suicide on the staircase
leading from the court-room with a knife which Goujon
had successfully concealed. Romme, Goujon and Duquesnoy
succeeded, but the other three merely inflicted wounds which
did not prevent their being taken immediately to the guillotine.
With their deaths the Mountain ceased to exist as a party.
See J. Claretie, Les Derniers Montagnards, histoire de l’insurrection de Prairial an III d’après les documents (1867); Défense du représentant du peuple Goujon (Paris, no date), with the letters and a hymn written by Goujon during his imprisonment. For other documents see Maurice Tourneux (Paris, 1890, vol. i., pp. 422–425).
GOULBURN, EDWARD MEYRICK (1818–1897), English
churchman, son of Mr Serjeant Goulburn, M.P., recorder of
Leicester, and nephew of the Right Hon. Henry Goulburn,
chancellor of the exchequer in the ministries of Sir Robert Peel
and the duke of Wellington, was born in London on the 11th of
February 1818, and was educated at Eton and at Balliol College,
Oxford. In 1839 he became fellow and tutor of Merton, and in
1841 and 1843 was ordained deacon and priest respectively.
For some years he held the living of Holywell, Oxford, and was
chaplain to Samuel Wilberforce, bishop of the diocese. In
1849 he succeeded Tait as headmaster of Rugby, but in 1857
he resigned, and accepted the charge of Quebec Chapel, Marylebone.
In 1858 he became a prebendary of St Paul’s, and in
1859 vicar of St John’s, Paddington. In 1866 he was made
dean of Norwich, and in that office exercised a long and marked
influence on church life. A strong Conservative and a churchman
of traditional orthodoxy, he was a keen antagonist of “higher
criticism” and of all forms of rationalism. His Thoughts on
Personal Religion (1862) and The Pursuit of Holiness were
well received; and he wrote the Life (1892) of his friend Dean
Burgon, with whose doctrinal views he was substantially in
agreement. He resigned the deanery in 1889, and died at
Tunbridge Wells on the 3rd of May 1897.
See Life by B. Compton (1899).
GOULBURN, HENRY (1784–1856), English statesman, was
born in London on the 19th of March 1784 and was educated at
Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1808 he became member of
parliament for Horsham; in 1810 he was appointed under-secretary
for home affairs and two and a half years later he was
made under-secretary for war and the colonies. Still retaining
office in the Tory government he became a privy councillor in
1821, and just afterwards was appointed chief secretary to the
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, a position which he held until April
1827. Here although frequently denounced as an Orangeman,
his period of office was on the whole a successful one, and in
1823 he managed to pass the Irish Tithe Composition Bill. In
January 1828 he was made chancellor of the exchequer under
the duke of Wellington; like his leader he disliked Roman
Catholic emancipation, which he voted against in 1828. In the
domain of finance Goulburn’s chief achievements were to reduce
the rate of interest on part of the national debt, and to allow
any one to sell beer upon payment of a small annual fee, a complete
change of policy with regard to the drink traffic. Leaving
office with Wellington in November 1830, Goulburn was home
secretary under Sir Robert Peel for four months in 1835, and
when this statesman returned to office in September 1841 he
became chancellor of the exchequer for the second time. Although
Peel himself did some of the chancellor’s work, Goulburn was
responsible for a further reduction in the rate of interest on the
national debt, and he aided his chief in the struggle which ended
in the repeal of the corn laws. With his colleagues he left office
in June 1846. After representing Horsham in the House of
Commons for over four years Goulburn was successively member
for St Germans, for West Looe, and for the city of Armagh. In
May 1831 he was elected for Cambridge University, and he
retained this seat until his death on the 12th of January 1856