and that it should be a free borough rendering a yearly rent to the earl of Cornwall. Two members were summoned to parliament by Edward VI. in 1553. The electors consisted of an indefinite number of freemen, about 50 in all, indirectly nominated by the mayor and corporation, which existed by prescription. The venality of the electors became notorious. In 1780 £3000 was paid for a seat: in 1812 each supporter of one of the candidates received £100. The defeat of this candidate in 1818 led to a parliamentary inquiry which disclosed a system of wholesale corruption, and in 1821 the borough was disfranchised. A former woollen trade is extinct.
GRAMPUS (Orca gladiator, or Orca orca), a cetacean belonging
to the Delphinidae or dolphin family, characterized by its rounded
head without distinct beak, high dorsal fin and large conical
teeth. The upper parts are nearly uniform glossy black, and
the under parts white, with a strip of the same colour over
each eye. The O. Fr. word was grapois, graspeis or craspeis,
from Med. Lat. crassus piscis, fat fish. This was adapted into
English as grapeys, graspeys, &c., and in the 16th century becomes
grannie pose as if from grand poisson. The final corruption to
“grampus” appears in the 18th century and was probably
nautical in origin. The animal is also known as the “killer,”
in allusion to its ferocity in attacking its prey, which consists
largely of seals, porpoises and the smaller dolphins. Its fierceness
is only equalled by its voracity, which is such that in a
specimen measuring 21 ft. in length, the remains of thirteen
seals and thirteen porpoises were found, in a more or less digested
state, while the animal appeared to have been choked in the
endeavour to swallow another seal, the skin of which was found
entangled in its teeth. These cetaceans sometimes hunt in packs
or schools, and commit great havoc among the belugas or white
whales, which occasionally throw themselves ashore to escape
their persecutors. The grampus is an inhabitant of northern
seas, occurring on the shores of Greenland, and having been
caught, although rarely, as far south as the Mediterranean.
There are numerous instances of its capture on the British coasts.
(See Cetacea.)
GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504–1588), Spanish preacher and
ascetic writer, born of poor parents named Sarriá at Granada.
He lost his father at an early age and his widowed mother was
supported by the charity of the Dominicans. A child of the
Alhambra, he entered the service of the alcalde as page, and,
his ability being discovered, received his education with the
sons of the house. When nineteen he entered the Dominican
convent and in 1525 took the vows; and, with the leave of his
prior, shared his daily allowance of food with his mother. He
was sent to Valladolid to continue his studies and then was
appointed procurator at Granada. Seven years after he was
elected prior of the convent of Scala Caeli in the mountains of
Cordova, which after eight years he succeeded in restoring from
its ruinous state, and there he began his work as a zealous
reformer. His preaching gifts were developed by the orator
Juan de Avila, and he became one of the most famous of Spanish
preachers. He was invited to Portugal in 1555 and became
provincial of his order, declining the offer of the archbishopric
of Braga but accepting the position of confessor and counsellor
to Catherine, the queen regent. At the expiration of his tenure
of the provincialship, he retired to the Dominican convent at
Lisbon, where he lived till his death on the last day of 1588.
Aiming, both in his sermons and ascetical writings, at development
of the religious view, the danger of the times as he saw it
was not so much in the Protestant reformation, which was an
outside influence, but in the direction that religion had taken
among the masses. He held that in Spain the Catholic faith
was not understood by the people, and that their ignorance was
the pressing danger. He fell under the suspicion of the Inquisition;
his mystical teaching was said to be heretical, and
his most famous book, the Guia de Peccadores, still a favourite
treatise and one that has been translated into nearly every
European tongue, was put on the Index of the Spanish Inquisition,
together with his book on prayer, in 1559. His great
opponent was the restless and ambitious Melchior Cano, who
stigmatized the second book as containing grave errors smacking
of the heresy of the Alumbrados and manifestly contradicting
Catholic faith and teaching. But in 1576 the prohibition was
removed and the works of Luis de Granada, so prized by St
Francis de Sales, have never lost their value. The friend of St
Teresa, St Peter of Alcantara, and of all the noble minds of Spain
of his day, no one among the three hundred Spanish mystics
excels Luis de Granada in the beauty of a didactic style, variety
of illustration and soberness of statement.
The last collected edition of his works is that published in 9 vols. at Antwerp in 1578. A biography by L. Monoz, La Vida y virtudes de Luis de Granada (Madrid, 1639); a study of his system by P. Rousselot in Mystiques espagnoles (Paris, 1867); Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature (vol. iii.), and Fitzmaurice Kelly, History of Spanish Literature, pp. 200–202 (London, 1898), may also be consulted.
GRANADA, the capital of the department of Granada,
Nicaragua; 32 m. by rail S.E. of Managua, the capital of the
republic. Pop. (1900) about 25,000. Granada is built on the
north-western shore of Lake Nicaragua, of which it is the principal
port. Its houses are of the usual central American type, constructed
of adobe, rarely more than one storey high, and surrounded
by courtyards with ornamental gateways. The suburbs,
scattered over a large area, consist chiefly of cane huts occupied
by Indians and half-castes. There are several ancient churches
and convents, in one of which the interior of the chancel roof
is inlaid with mother-of-pearl. An electric tramway connects the
railway station and the adjacent wharves with the market,
about 1 m. distant. Ice, cigars, hats, boots and shoes are
manufactured, but the characteristic local industry is the production
of “Panama chains,” ornaments made of thin gold wire.
In the neighbourhood there are large cocoa plantations; and the
city has a thriving trade in cocoa, coffee, hides, cotton, native
tobacco and indigo.
Granada was founded in 1523 by Francisco Fernandez de Córdoba. It became one of the wealthiest of central American cities, although it had always a keen commercial rival in Leon, which now surpasses it in size and importance. In the 17th century it was often raided by buccaneers, notably in 1606, when it was completely sacked. In 1855 it was captured and partly burned by the adventurer William Walker (see Central America: History).
GRANADA, a maritime province of southern Spain, formed in 1833 of districts belonging to Andalusia, and coinciding with
the central parts of the ancient kingdom of Granada. Pop.
(1900) 492,460; area, 4928 sq. m. Granada is bounded on the
N. by Cordova, Jaen and Albacete, E. by Murcia and Almería,
S. by the Mediterranean Sea, and W. by Malaga. It includes the
western and loftier portion of the Sierra Nevada (q.v.), a vast
ridge rising parallel to the sea and attaining its greatest altitudes
in the Cerro de Mulhacen (11,421 ft.) and Picacho de la Veleta
(11,148), which overlook the city of Granada. Lesser ranges,
such as the Sierras of Parapanda, Alhama, Almijara or Harana,
adjoin the main ridge. From this central watershed the three
principal rivers of the province take their rise, viz.: the Guadiana
Menor, which, flowing past Guadix in a northerly direction, falls
into the Guadalquivir in the neighbourhood of Ubeda; the
Genil which, after traversing the Vega, or Plain of Granada, leaves
the province a little to the westward of Loja and joins the Guadalquivir
between Cordova and Seville; and the Rio Grande or
Guadalféo, which falls into the Mediterranean at Motril. The
coast is little indented and none of its three harbours, Almuñécar,
Albuñol and Motril, ranks high in commercial importance.
The climate in the lower valleys and the narrow fringe along the
coast is warm, but on the higher grounds of the interior is
somewhat severe; and the vegetation varies accordingly from
the subtropical to the alpine. The soil of the plains is very
productive, and that of the Vega of Granada is considered the
richest in the whole peninsula; from the days of the Moors it
has been systematically irrigated, and it continues to yield in
great abundance and in good quality wheat, barley, maize, wine,
oil, sugar, flax, cotton, silk and almost every variety of fruit.
In the mountains immediately surrounding the city of Granada
