includes the titles of grand-duke (velíkiy knyaz) of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia and Finland. Until 1886 this title grand-duke or grand-duchess, with the style “Imperial Highness,” was borne by all descendants of the imperial house. It is now confined to the sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, and male grandchildren of the emperor. The other members of the imperial house bear the title of prince (knyaz) and princess (knyaginya, if married, knyazhna, if unmarried) with the style of “Highness.” The emperor of Austria, as king of Hungary, also bears this title as “grand-duke” of Transylvania, which was erected into a “grand-princedom” (Grossfürstentum) in 1765 by Maria Theresa.
GRANDEE (Span. Grande), a title of honour borne by the
highest class of the Spanish nobility. It would appear to have
been originally assumed by the most important nobles to distinguish
them from the mass of the ricos hombres, or great barons
of the realm. It was thus, as Selden points out, not a general
term denoting a class, but “an additional dignity not only to
all dukes, but to some marquesses and condes also” (Titles of
Honor, ed. 1672, p. 478). It formerly implied certain privileges;
notably that of sitting covered in the royal presence. Until
the time of Ferdinand and Isabella, when the power of the
territorial nobles was broken, the grandees had also certain more
important rights, e.g. freedom from taxation, immunity from
arrest save at the king’s express command, and even—in certain
cases—the right to renounce their allegiance and make war on
the king. Their number and privileges were further restricted
by Charles I. (the emperor Charles V.), who reserved to the
crown the right to bestow the title. The grandees of Spain were
further divided into three classes: (1) those who spoke to the
king and received his reply with their heads covered; (2) those
who addressed him uncovered, but put on their hats to hear his
answer; (3) those who awaited the permission of the king before
covering themselves. All grandees were addressed by the king
as “my cousin” (mi primo), whereas ordinary nobles were
only qualified as “my kinsman” (mi pariente). The title of
“grandee,” abolished under King Joseph Bonaparte, was revived
in 1834, when by the Estatudo real grandees were given precedence
in the Chamber of Peers. The designation is now, however,
purely titular, and implies neither privilege nor power.
GRAND FORKS, a city in the Boundary district of British
Columbia; situated at the junction of the north and south forks
of the Kettle river, 2 m. N. of the international boundary. Pop.
(1908) about 2500. It is in a good agricultural district, but
owes its importance largely to the erection here of the extensive
smelting plant of the Granby Consolidated Company, which
smelts the ores obtained from the various parts of the Boundary
country, but chiefly those from the Knob Hill and Old Ironsides
mines. The Canadian Pacific railway, as well as the Great
Northern railway, runs to Grand Forks, which thus has excellent
railway communication with the south and east.
GRAND FORKS, a city and the county-seat of Grand Forks
county, North Dakota, U.S.A., at the junction of the Red river
(of the North) and Red Lake river (whence its name), about
80 m. N. of Fargo. Pop. (1900) 7652, of whom 2781 were
foreign-born; (1905) 10,127; (1910) 27,888. It is served by the
Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railways, and has a
considerable river traffic, the Red river (when dredged) having a
channel 60 ft. wide and 4 ft. deep at low water below Grand
Forks. At University, a small suburb, is the University of
North Dakota (co-educational; opened 1884). Affiliated with
it is Wesley College (Methodist Episcopal), now at Grand Forks
(with a campus adjoining that of the University), but formerly
the Red River Valley University at Wahpeton, North Dakota.
In 1907–1908 the University had 57 instructors and 861 students;
its library had 25,000 bound volumes and 5000 pamphlets. At
Grand Forks, also, are St Bernard’s Ursuline Academy (Roman
Catholic) and Grand Forks College (Lutheran). Among the
city’s principal buildings are the public library, the Federal
building and a Y.M.C.A. building. As the centre of the great
wheat valley of the Red river, it has a busy trade in wheat, flour
and agricultural machinery and implements, as well as large
jobbing interests. There are railway car-shops here, and among
the manufactures are crackers, brooms, bricks and tiles and
cement. The municipality owns its water-works and an electric
lighting plant for street lighting. In 1801 John Cameron (d. 1804)
erected a temporary trading post for the North-West Fur
Company on the site of the present city; it afterwards became
a trading post of the Hudson’s Bay Company. The first permanent
settlement was made in 1871, and Grand Forks was
reached by the Northern Pacific and chartered as a city in 1881.
GRAND HAVEN, a city, port of entry, and the county-seat of
Ottawa county, Michigan, U.S.A., on Lake Michigan, at the
mouth of Grand river, 30 m. W. by N. of Grand Rapids and
78 m. E. of Milwaukee. Pop. (1900) 4743, of whom 1277 were
foreign-born; (1904) 5239; (1910) 5856. It is served by the
Grand Trunk and the Père Marquette railways, and by steamboat
lines to Chicago, Milwaukee and other lake ports, and is connected
with Grand Rapids and Muskegon by an electric line. The
city manufactures pianos, refrigerators, printing presses and
leather; is a centre for the shipment of fruit and celery; and
has valuable fisheries near—fresh, salt and smoked fish, especially
whitefish, are shipped in considerable quantities. Grand Haven
is the port of entry for the Customs District of Michigan, and has
a small export and import trade. The municipality owns and
operates its water-works and electric-lighting plant. A trading
post was established here about 1821 by an agent of the American
Fur Company, but the permanent settlement of the city did not
begin until 1834. Grand Haven was laid out as a town in 1836,
and was chartered as a city in 1867.
GRANDIER, URBAN (1590–1634), priest of the church of
Sainte Croix at Loudun in the department of Vienne, France, was
accused of witchcraft in 1632 by some hysterical novices of
the Carmelite Convent, where the trial, protracted for two
years, was held. Grandier was found guilty and burnt alive
at Loudun on the 18th of August 1634.
GRAND ISLAND, a city and the county-seat of Hall county,
Nebraska, U.S.A., on the Platte river, about 154 m. W. by S.
of Omaha. Pop. (1900) 7554 (1339 foreign-born); (1910) 10,326.
It is served by the Union Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, and the St Joseph & Grand Island railways, being the
western terminus of the last-named line and a southern terminus
of a branch of the Union Pacific. The city is situated on a slope
skirting the broad, level bottom-lands of the Platte river, in the
midst of a fertile farming region. Grand Island College (Baptist;
co-educational) was established in 1892 and the Grand Island
Business and Normal College in 1890; and the city is the seat
of a state Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Home, established in 1888.
Grand Island has a large wholesale trade in groceries, fruits, &c.;
is an important horse-market, and has large stock-yards. There
are shops of the Union Pacific in the city, and among its manufactures
are beet-sugar—Grand Island is in one of the principal
beet-sugar-growing districts of the state—brooms, wire fences,
confectionery and canned corn. The most important industry
of the county is the raising and feeding of sheep and meat cattle.
A “Grand Island” was founded in 1857, and was named from
a large island (nearly 50 m. long) in the Platte opposite its site;
but the present city was laid out by the Union Pacific in 1866.
It was chartered as a city in 1873.
GRANDMONTINES, a religious order founded by St Stephen
of Thiers in Auvergne towards the end of the 11th century.
St Stephen was so impressed by the lives of the hermits whom he
saw in Calabria that he desired to introduce the same manner
of life into his native country. He was ordained, and in 1073
obtained the pope’s permission to establish an order. He
betook himself to Auvergne, and in the desert of Muret, near
Limoges, he made himself a hut of branches of trees and lived
there for some time in complete solitude. A few disciples
gathered round him, and a community was formed. The rule
was not reduced to writing until after Stephen’s death, 1124.
The life was eremitical and very severe in regard to silence,
diet and bodily austerities; it was modelled after the rule of
the Camaldolese, but various regulations were adopted from
the Augustinian canons. The superior was called the “Corrector.”
