nearly all their guns at Serai Ghat. He also took part in the operations connected with the recapture of Lucknow, shortly after which he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and appointed to the command of the force employed for the final pacification of India, a position in which his unwearied energy, and his vigilance and caution united to high personal daring, rendered very valuable service. Before the work of pacification was quite completed he was created K.C.B. In 1859 he was appointed, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, to the command of the British land forces in the united French and British expedition against China. The object of the campaign was accomplished within three months of the landing of the forces at Pei-tang (1st of August 1860). The Taku Forts had been carried by assault, the Chinese defeated three times in the open and Peking occupied. For his conduct in this, which has been called the “most successful and the best carried out of England’s little wars,” he received the thanks of parliament and was gazetted G.C.B. In 1861 he was made lieutenant-general and appointed commander-in-chief of the army of Madras; on his return to England in 1865 he was made quartermaster-general at headquarters; and in 1870 he was transferred to the command of the camp at Aldershot, where he took a leading part in the reform of the educational and training systems of the forces, which followed the Franco-German War. The introduction of annual army manœuvres was largely due to Sir Hope Grant. In 1872 he was gazetted general. He died in London on the 7th of March 1875.
Incidents in the Sepoy War of 1857–58, compiled from the Private Journal of General Sir Hope Grant, K.C.B., together with some explanatory chapters by Capt. H. Knollys, Royal Artillery, was published in 1873, and Incidents in the China War of 1860 appeared posthumously under the same editorship in 1875.
GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804–1895), British field marshal, was
the second son of Major John Grant, 97th Foot, of Auchterblair,
Inverness-shire, where he was born on the 11th of September
1804. He entered the Bengal native infantry as ensign in 1820,
and became captain in 1832. He served in Oudh from 1834 to
1838, and raised the Hariana Light Infantry. Employed in the
adjutant-general’s department of the Bengal army from 1838
until 1854, he became adjutant-general in 1846. He served
under Sir Hugh Gough at the battle of Maharajpur in 1843,
winning a brevet majority, was adjutant-general of the army
at the battles of Moodkee in 1845 (twice severely wounded),
and of Ferozshah and Sobraon in 1846, receiving the C.B. and the
brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. He took part in the battles
of Chillianwalla and Gujarat in 1849, gaining further promotion,
and was appointed aide-de-camp to the queen. He served also
in Kohat in 1851 under Sir Charles Napier. Promoted major-general
in 1854, he was commander-in-chief of the Madras army
from 1856 to 1861. He was made K.C.B. in 1857, and on General
Anson’s death was summoned to Calcutta to take supreme
command of the army in India. From Calcutta he directed
the operations against the mutineers, sending forces under
Havelock and Outram for the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow,
until the arrival of Sir Colin Campbell from England as commander-in-chief,
when he returned to Madras. On leaving
India in 1861 he was decorated with the G.C.B. He was promoted
lieutenant-general in 1862, was governor of Malta from 1867 to
1872, was made G.C.M.G. in 1868, promoted general in 1870,
field marshal in 1883 and colonel of the Royal Horse Guards
and gold-stick-in-waiting to the queen in 1885. He married as
his second wife, in 1844, Frances Maria, daughter of Sir Hugh
(afterwards Lord) Gough. He was governor of the Royal
Hospital, Chelsea, from 1874 until his death there on the 28th
of March 1895.
GRANT, ROBERT (1814–1892), British astronomer, was born
at Grantown, Scotland, on the 17th of June 1814. At the age
of thirteen the promise of a brilliant career was clouded by a
prolonged illness of such a serious character as to incapacitate
him from all school-work for six years. At twenty, however,
his health greatly improved, and he set himself resolutely, without
assistance, to repair his earlier disadvantages by the diligent
study of Greek, Latin, Italian and mathematics. Astronomy
also occupied his attention, and it was stimulated by the return
of Halley’s comet in 1835, as well as by his success in observing
the annular eclipse of the sun of the 15th of May 1836. After
a short course at King’s College, Aberdeen, he obtained in 1841
employment in his brother’s counting-house in London. During
this period the idea occurred to him of writing a history of
physical astronomy. Before definitely beginning the work he
had to search, amongst other records, those of the French
Academy, and for that purpose took up his residence in Paris
in 1845, supporting himself by giving lessons in English. He
returned to London in 1847. The History of Physical Astronomy from the Earliest Ages to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century was
first published in parts in The Library of Useful Knowledge, but
after the issue of the ninth part this mode of publication was
discontinued, and the work appeared as a whole in 1852. The
main object of the work is, in the author’s words, “to exhibit
a view of the labours of successive inquirers in establishing a
knowledge of the mechanical principles which regulate the
movements of the celestial bodies, and in explaining the various
phenomena relative to their physical constitution which observation
with the telescope has disclosed.” The lucidity and completeness
with which a great variety of abstruse subjects were treated,
the extent of research and the maturity of judgment it displayed,
were the more remarkable, when it is remembered that this was
the first published work of one who enjoyed no special opportunities,
either for acquiring materials, or for discussing with
others engaged in similar pursuits the subjects it treats of.
The book at once took a leading place in astronomical literature,
and earned for its author in 1856 the award of the Royal
Astronomical Society’s gold medal. In 1859 he succeeded John
Pringle Nichol as professor of astronomy in the University of
Glasgow. From time to time he contributed astronomical
papers to the Monthly Notices, Astronomische Nachrichten,
Comptes rendus and other scientific serials; but his principal
work at Glasgow consisted in determining the places of a large
number of stars with the Ertel transit-circle of the Observatory.
The results of these labours, extending over twenty-one years,
are contained in the Glasgow Catalogue of 6415 Stars, published
in 1883. This was followed in 1892 by the Second Glasgow Catalogue of 2156 Stars, published a few weeks after his death,
which took place on the 24th of October 1892.
See Month. Notices Roy. Astr. Society, liii., 210 (E. Dunkin); Nature, Nov. 10, 1892; The Times, Nov. 2, 1892; Roy. Society’s Catalogue of Scient. Papers. (A. A. R.*)
GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822–1885), American soldier, and eighteenth president of the United States, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, on the 27th of April 1822. He was a descendant of Matthew Grant, a Scotchman, who settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1630. His earlier years were spent in helping his father, Jesse R. Grant, upon his farm in Ohio. In 1839 he was appointed to a place in the military academy at West Point, and it was then that his name assumed the form by which it is generally known. He was christened Hiram, after an ancestor, with Ulysses for a middle name. As he was usually called by his middle name, the congressman who recommended him for West Point supposed it to be his first name, and added thereto the name of his mother’s family, Simpson. Grant was the best horseman of his class, and took a respectable place in mathematics, but at his graduation in 1843 he only ranked twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine. In September 1845 he went with his regiment to join the forces of General Taylor in Mexico; there he took part in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and Monterey, and, after his transfer to General Scott’s army, which he joined in March 1847, served at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and at the storming of Chapultepec. He was breveted first lieutenant for gallantry at Molino del Rey and captain for gallantry at Chapultepec. In August 1848, after the close of the war, he married Julia T. Dent (1826–1902), and was for a while stationed in California and Oregon, but in 1854 he resigned his commission. His reputation in the service had suffered from allegations of intemperate drinking, which, whether well founded or not,
