Page:EB1911 - Volume 12.djvu/385

to the fact that the unsuitable varieties die out, and the “naturally” suitable varieties only come in gradually. This trouble can be largely prevented, however, by a judicious selection of seed, and by subsequently manuring with phosphatic manures, with farmyard or other bulky “topdressings,” or by feeding sheep with cake and corn over the field.

All the grasses proper belong to the natural order Gramineae (see Grasses), to which order also belong all the “corn” plants cultivated throughout the world, also many others, such as bamboo, sugar-cane, millet, rice, &c. &c., which yield food for mankind. Of the grasses which constitute pastures and hay-fields over a hundred species are classified by botanists in Great Britain, with many varieties in addition, but the majority of these, though often forming a part of natural pastures, are worthless or inferior for farming purposes. The grasses of good quality which should form a “sole” in an old pasture and provide the bulk of the forage on a newly laid down piece of grass are only about a dozen in number (see below), and of these there are only some six species of the very first importance and indispensable in a “prescription” of grass seeds intended for laying away land in temporary or permanent pasture. Dr W. Fream caused a botanical examination to be made of several of the most celebrated pastures of England, and, contrary to expectation, found that their chief constituents were ordinary perennial ryegrass and white clover. Many other grasses and legumes were present, but these two formed an overwhelming proportion of the plants.

In ordinary usage the term grass, pasturage, hay, &c., includes many varieties of clover and other members of the natural order Leguminosae as well as other “herbs of the field,” which, though not strictly “grasses,” are always found in a grass field, and are included in mixtures of seeds for pasture and meadows. The following is a list of the most desirable or valuable agricultural grasses and clovers, which are either actually sown or, in the case of old pastures, encouraged to grow by draining, liming, manuring, and so on:—

Grasses.

Alopecurus pratensis	Meadow foxtail.
Anthoxanthum odoratum	Sweet vernal grass.
Avena elatior	Tall oat-grass.
Avena flavescens	Golden oat-grass.
Cynosurus cristatus	Crested dogstail.
Dactylis glomerata	Cocksfoot.
Festuca duriuscula	Hard fescue.
Festuca elatior	Tall fescue.
Festuca ovina	Sheep’s fescue.
Festuca pratensis	Meadow fescue.
Lolium italicum	Italian ryegrass.
Phleum pratense	Timothy or catstail.
Poa nemoralis	Wood meadow-grass.
Poa pratensis	Smooth meadow-grass.
Poa trivialis	Rough meadow-grass.

Clovers, &c.

Medicago lupulina		Trefoil or “Nonsuch.”
Medicago sativa		Lucerne (Alfalfa).
Trifolium hybridum		Alsike clover.
Trifolium pratense		Broad red clover.
Trifolium pratense	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$	Perennial clover.
Trifolium perennne
Trifolium incarnatum		Crimson clover or “Trifolium.”
Trifolium procumbens		Yellow Hop-trefoil.
Trifolium repens		White or Dutch clover.
Achillea Millefolium		Yarrow or Milfoil.
Anthyllis vulneraria		Kidney-vetch.
Lotus major		Greater Birdsfoot Trefoil.
Lotus corniculatus		Lesser Birdsfoot Trefoil.
Carum petroselinum		Field parsley.
Plantago lanceolata		Plantain.
Cichorium intybus		Chicory.
Poterium officinale		Burnet.

The predominance of any particular species is largely determined by climatic circumstances, the nature of the soil and the treatment it receives. In limestone regions sheep’s fescue has been found to predominate; on wet clay soil the dog’s bent (Agrostis canina) is common; continuous manuring with nitrogenous manures kills out the leguminous plants and stimulates such grasses as cocksfoot; manuring with phosphates stimulates the clovers and other legumes; and so on. Manuring with basic slag at the rate of from 5 to 10 cwt. per acre has been found to give excellent results on poor clays and peaty soils. Basic slag is a by-product of the Bessemer steel process, and is rich in a soluble form of phosphate of lime (tetra-phosphate) which specially stimulates the growth of clovers and other legumes, and has renovated many inferior pastures.

In the Rothamsted experiments continuous manuring with “mineral manures” (no nitrogen) on an old meadow has reduced the grasses from 71 to 64% of the whole, while at the same time it has increased the Leguminosae from 7% to 24%. On the other hand, continuous use of nitrogenous manure in addition to “minerals” has raised the grasses to 94% of the total and reduced the legumes to less than 1%.

As to the best kinds of grasses, &c., to sow in making a pasture out of arable land, experiments at Cambridge, England, have demonstrated that of the many varieties offered by seedsmen only a very few are of any permanent value. A complex mixture of tested seeds was sown, and after five years an examination of the pasture showed that only a few varieties survived and made the “sole” for either grazing or forage. These varieties in the order of their importance were:—

Cocksfoot	26
Perennial rye grass	16
Meadow fescue	13
Hard fescue	9
Crested dogstail	8
Timothy	6
White clover	4
Meadow foxtail	2

The figures represent approximate percentages.

Before laying down grass it is well to examine the species already growing round the hedges and adjacent fields. An inspection of this sort will show that the Cambridge experiments are very conclusive, and that the above species are the only ones to be depended on. Occasionally some other variety will be prominent, but if so there will be a special local reason for this.

On the other hand, many farmers when sowing down to grass like to have a good bulk of forage for the first year or two, and therefore include several of the clovers, lucerne, Italian ryegrass, evergreen ryegrass, &c., knowing that these will die out in the course of years and leave the ground to the more permanent species.

There are also several mixtures of “seeds” (the technical name given on the farm to grass-seeds) which have been adopted with success in laying down permanent pasture in some localities.

	Young.	De Laune.	Leicester.	Elliot.	Cambridge  average.	General purpose mixture.
Cocksfoot	..	8	4	8	8	4
Perennial ryegrass	..	..	2	6	10	10
Meadow fescue	..	6	2	..	5	..
Hard fescue	..	1	1	2	3	..
Crested dogstail	3	2	..	1	3	..
Timothy	..	3	1	..	2	2
Meadow foxtail	..	10	..	..	1	1
Tall fescue	..	3	1	31/2	..	2
Tall oat grass	..	..	1	3	..	..
Italian ryegrass	..	..	2	..	..	5
Smooth meadow grass	..	..	..	1	..	..
Rough meadow grass	..	1	..	1	..	..
Golden oat grass	..	..	1/4	1	..	..
Sheep’s fescue	..	1	..	..	..	..
Broad red clover	..	1	..	..	..	2
Perennial red clover	..	1	..	11/2	..	2
Alsike	..	1	11/2	1	..	2
Lucerne (Alfalfa)	..	..	..	..	..	8
White clover	4	1	1	2	2	2
Kidney vetch	6	..	..	21/2	..	..
Sheep’s parsley	..	..	..	1	..	..
Yarrow	1	1	1/4	1	..	..
Burnet	8	..	..	8	..	..
Chicory	4	..	..	21/2	..	..
Plantain	4	..	..	..	..	..
Total ℔ per acre	30	40	17	40	30	40