out. It was indeed, as a German critic[1] has pointed out, the prototype of Sedan. Everywhere the defences were stormed as darkness came on, regulars and militia fighting with equal gallantry, and the few thousands of the Royalists who escaped during the night were easily captured by Lilburne and Mercer, or by the militia which watched every road in Yorkshire and Lancashire. Even the country people brought in scores of prisoners, for officers and men alike, stunned by the suddenness of the disaster, offered no resistance. Charles escaped after many adventures, but he was one of the few men in his army who regained a place of safety. The Parliamentary militia were sent home within a week. Cromwell, who had ridiculed “such stuff” six months ago, knew them better now. “Your new raised forces,” he wrote to the House, “did perform singular good service, for which they deserve a very high estimation and acknowledgment.” Worcester resembled Sedan in much more than outward form. Both were fought by “nations in arms,” by citizen soldiers who had their hearts in the struggle, and could be trusted not only to fight their hardest but to march their best. Only with such troops would a general dare to place a deep river between the two halves of his army or to send away detachments beforehand to reap the fruits of victory, in certain anticipation of winning the victory with the remainder. The sense of duty, which the raw militia possessed in so high a degree, ensured the arrival and the action of every column at the appointed time and place. The result was, in brief, one of those rare victories in which a pursuit is superfluous—a “crowning mercy,” as Cromwell called it. There is little of note in the closing operations. Monk had completed his task by May 1652; and Scotland, which had twice attempted to impose its will on England, found itself reduced to the position of an English province under martial law. The details of its subjection are uninteresting after the tremendous climax of Worcester.
Bibliography.—Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion (Oxford, 1702–1704, ed. W. D. Macray, Oxford, 1888); R. Baillie, Letters and Journals (Bannatyne Society, 1841); T. Carlyle, Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches (new edition, S. C. Lomas, London, 1904); Fairfax Correspondence (ed. R. Bell, London, 1849); E. Borlace, History of the Irish Rebellion (London, 1675); R. Bellings, Fragmentum historicum, or the . . . War in Ireland (London, 1772); J. Heath, Chronicle of the late Intestine War (London, 1676); Military Memoir of Colonel Birch (Camden Society, new series, vol. vii., 1873); Autobiography of Captain John Hodgson (edition of 1882); Papers on the earl of Manchester, Camden Society, vol. viii., and English Historical Review, vol. iii.; J. Ricraft, Survey of England’s Champions (1647, reprinted, London, 1818); ed. E. Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers (London, 1849); J. Vicars, Jehovah-Jireh (1644), and England’s Worthies (1647), the latter reprinted in 1845: Anthony à Wood, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford (ed. J. Gutch, Oxford, 1792–1795); Margaret, duchess of Newcastle, Life of William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle (ed. C. H. Firth, London, 1886); Lucy Hutchinson, Memoir of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson (ed. C. H. Firth, Oxford, 1896); Memoirs of Edward Ludlow (ed. C. H. Firth, Oxford, 1892); S. Ashe and W. Goode, The Services of the Earl of Manchester’s Army (London, 1644); H. Cary, Memorials of the Great Civil War (London, 1842); Patrick Gordon, Passages from the Diary of Patrick Gordon (Spalding Club, Aberdeen, 1859); J. Gwynne, Military Memoirs of the Civil War (ed. Sir W. Scott, Edinburgh, 1822); Narratives of Hamilton’s Expedition, 1648 (C. H. Firth, Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1904); Lord Hopton, Bellum Civile (Somerset Record Society, London, 1902); Irish War of 1641 (Camden Society, old series, vol. xiv., 1841); Iter Carolinum, Marches of Charles I. 1641–1649 (London, 1660); Hugh Peters, Reports from the Armies of Fairfax and Cromwell (London, 1645–1646); “Journal of the Marches of Prince Rupert” (ed. C. H. Firth, Engl. Historical Review, 1898); J. Sprigge, Anglia Rediviva (London, 1847, reprinted Oxford, 1854); R. Symonds, Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army, 1644–1645 (ed. C. E. Long, Camden Society, old series, 1859); J. Corbet, The Military Government of Gloucester (London, 1645); M. Carter, Expeditions of Kent, Essex and Colchester (London, 1650); Tracts relating to the Civil War in Lancashire (ed. G. Ormerod, Chetham Society, London, 1844); Discourse of the War in Lancashire (ed. W. Beament, Chetham Society, London, 1864); Sir M. 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Webb, Civil War in Herefordshire (London, 1879). (C. F. A.)
GREAT SALT LAKE, a shallow body of highly concentrated
brine in the N.W. part of Utah, U.S.A., lying between 118.8°
and 113.2° W. long. and between 40.7° and 41.8° lat. Great
Salt Lake is 4218 ft. above sea-level. It has no outlet, and is
fed chiefly by the Jordan, the Weber and the Bear rivers, all
draining the mountainous country to the E. and S.E. The
irregular outline of the lake has been compared to the roughly
drawn hand, palm at the S., thumb (exaggerated in breadth)
pointing N.E., and the fingers (crowded together and drawn
too small) reaching N.
No bathymetric survey of the lake has been made, but the maximum depth is 60 ft. and the mean depth less than 20 ft., possibly as little as 13 ft. The lake in 1906 was approximately 75 m. long., from N.W. to S.E., and had a maximum width of 50 m. and an area of 1750 sq. m. This area is not constant, as the water is very shallow at the margins, and the relation between supply from precipitation, &c., and loss by evaporation is variable, there being an annual difference in the height of the water of 15-18 in. between June (highest) and November (lowest), and besides a difference running through longer cycles: in 1850 the water was lower and the lake smaller than by any previous observations (the area and general outline were nearly the same again in 1906); then the water rose until 1873; and between 1886 and 1902 the fall in level was 11.6 ft. The range of rise and fall from 1845 to 1886 was 13 ft., this being the rise in 1865–1886. With the fall of water there is an increase in the specific gravity, which in 1850 was 1.17, and in September 1901 was 1.179; in 1850 the proportion of solids by weight was 22.282%, in September 1901 it was 25.221; at the earlier of these dates the solids in a litre of water weighed 260.69 grams, at the latter date 302.122 grams. The exact cause of this cyclic variation is unknown: the low level of 1906 is usually regarded as the result of extensive irrigation and ploughing in the surrounding country, which have robbed the lake, in part, of its normal supply of water. It is also to be noted that the rise and fall of the lake level have been coincident, respectively, with continued wet and dry cycles. That the lake will soon dry up entirely seems unlikely, as there is a central trough, 25 to 30 m. wide, about 40 ft. deep, running N.W. and S.E. The area and
- ↑ Fritz Hoenig, Cromwell.
