or pneumatolytic one induced by the vapours set free by the granite magma when it cools. Probably the rock was at a relatively high temperature at the time. A similar type of alteration, the development of white mica, quartz and tourmaline, is found sometimes in sedimentary rocks around granite masses. Greisen is closely connected with schorl rock both in its mineralogical composition and in its mode of origin. The latter is a pneumatolytic product consisting of quartz and tourmaline; it often contains white mica and thus passes by all stages into greisen. Both of these rocks carry frequently small percentages of tin oxide (cassiterite) and may be worked as ores of tin. They are common in Cornwall, Saxony, Tasmania and other districts which are centres of tin-mining. Many other greisens occur in which no tin is found.
| SiO2. | Al2O3. | Fe2O3. | FeO. | CaO. | MgO. | K2O. | Na2O. | Fl. | B2O3. | |
| Granite | 70.17 | 15.07 | .88 | 1.79 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 5.73 | 2.69 | .15 | tr. |
| Greisen | 69.42 | 15.65 | 1.25 | 3.30 | .63 | 1.02 | 4.06 | .27 | 3.36 | .59 |
The analyses show the composition of Cornish granite and greisen. They make it clear that there has been an introduction of fluorine and boron and a diminution in the alkalies during the transformation of the granitic rock into the greisen. (J. S. F.)
GREIZ, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Reuss-Greiz (Reuss the Elder), in a pleasant valley on the right bank of the White Elster, near the borders of Saxony, and 66 m. by rail S. from Leipzig. Pop. (1875) 12,657; (1905) 23,114. It consists of two parts, the old town on the right bank and the new town on the left bank of the river; it is rapidly growing and is regularly laid out. The principal buildings are the palace of the prince of Reuss-Greiz, surrounded by a fine park, the old château on a rocky hill overlooking the town, the summer palace with a fine garden, the old town church dating from 1225 and possessing a beautiful tower, the town hall, the governmental buildings and statues of the emperor William I. and of Bismarck. There are classical and modern schools and a school of textile industry. The industries are considerable, and include dyeing, tanning and the manufacture of woollen, cotton, shawls, coverlets and paper. Greiz (formerly Grewcz) is apparently a town of Slav origin. From the 12th century it was governed by advocati (Vögte), but in 1236 it came into the possession of Gera, and in 1550 of the younger line of the house of Plauen. It was wholly destroyed by fire in 1494, and almost totally in 1802.
See Wilke, Greiz und seine Umgebung (1875), and Jahresberichte des Vereins für Greizer Geschichte (1894, seq.)
GRENADA, the southernmost of the Windward Islands,
British West Indies. It lies between 11º 58′ and 12º 15′ N.
and between 61º 35′ and 61º 50′ W., being 140 m. S.W. of
Barbados and 85 m. N. by W. of Trinidad. In shape oval, it is
21 m. long, 12 m. broad at its maximum and has an area of 133
sq. m. It owes much of its beauty to a well-wooded range of
mountains traversing the island from N. to S. and throwing off
from the centre spurs which form picturesque and fertile valleys.
These mountains attain their highest elevation in Mount Catharine
(2750 ft.). In the S.E. and N.W. there are stretches of low or
undulating ground, devoted to fruit growing and cattle raising.
The island is of volcanic origin; the only signs of upheaval are
raised limestone beaches in the extreme N. Red and grey
sandstones, hornblende and argillaceous schist are found in the
mountains, porphyry and basaltic rocks also occur; sulphur
and fuller’s earth are worked. In the centre, at the height of
1740 ft. above the sea, is the chief natural curiosity of Grenada,
the Grand Etang, a circular lake, 13 acres in extent, occupying
the site of an ancient crater. Near it is a large sanatorium,
much frequented as a health resort. In the north-east is a larger
lake, Lake Antoine, also occupying a crater, but it lies almost at
the sea level. The island is watered by several short rivers, mainly
on the east and south; there are numerous fresh water springs,
as well as hot chalybeate and sulphurous springs. The south-eastern
coast is much indented with bays. The climate is good,
the temperature equable and epidemic diseases are rare. In the
low country the average yearly temperature is 82° F., but it is
cooler in the heights. The rainfall is very heavy, amounting in
some parts to as much as 200 in., a year. The rainy season lasts
from May to December, but refreshing showers frequently occur
during other parts of the year. The average annual rainfall
at St Georges is 79.07 in., and at Grand Etang 164 in. The
excellent climate and good sea-bathing have made Grenada the
health resort of the neighbouring islands, especially of Trinidad.
Good roads and byeways intersect it in every direction. The soil
is extraordinarily fertile, the chief products being cocoa and
spices, especially nutmegs. The exports, sent chiefly to Great
Britain, are cocoa, spices, wool, cotton, coffee, live stock, hides,
turtles, turtle shell, kola nuts, vanilla and timber. Barbados
is dependent on Grenada for the majority of
its firewood. Sugar is still grown, and rum
and molasses are made, but the consumption
of these is confined to the island.
Elementary education is chiefly in the hands of the various denominations, whose schools are assisted by government grants-in-aid. There are, however, a few secular schools conducted by the government, and government-aided secondary schools for girls and a grammar school for boys. The schools are controlled by a board of education, the members of which are nominated by the government, and small fees are charged in all schools. The governor of the Windward Islands resides in Grenada and is administrator of it. The Legislative Council consists of 14 members; 7 including the governor are ex-officio members and the rest are nominated by the Crown. English is universally spoken, but the negroes use a French patois, which, however, is gradually dying out. Only 2% of the inhabitants are white, the rest being negroes and mulattoes with a few East Indians. The capital, St George, in the south-west, is built upon a lava peninsula jutting into the sea and forming one side of its land-locked harbour. It is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, up the sides of which climb the red-brick houses of the town. At the extremity of the peninsula is Fort St George, with a saluting battery. The ridge connecting Fort St George with Hospital Hill is tunnelled to give access to the two parts of the town lying on either side. The population in 1901 was 5198. There are four other towns—on the west coast Gouyave, or Charlotte Town, and 4 m. N. of it Victoria; on the north coast Sauteurs; and Grenville at the head of a wide bay on the east. They are all in frequent communication with the capital by steamer. The population of the entire colony in 1901 was 63,438.
History.—Grenada was discovered in 1498 by Columbus, who named it Conception. Neither the Spanish nor the British, to whom it was granted in 1627, settled on the island. The governor of Martinique, du Parquet, purchased it in 1650, and the French were well received by the Caribs, whom they afterwards extirpated with the greatest cruelty. In 1665 Grenada passed into the hands of the French West India Company, and was administered by it until its dissolution in 1674, when the island passed to the French Crown. Cocoa, coffee and cotton were introduced in 1714. During the wars between Great Britain and France, Grenada capitulated to the British forces in 1762, and was formally ceded next year by the Treaty of Paris. The French, under Count d’Estaing, re-captured the island in 1779, but it was restored to Great Britain by the Treaty of Versailles in 1783. A rebellion against the British rule, instigated and assisted by the French, occurred in 1795, but was quelled by Sir Ralph Abercromby in the following year. The emancipation of the slaves took place in 1837, and by 1877 it was found necessary to introduce East Indian labour. Grenada, with cocoa as its staple, has not experienced similar depression to that which overtook the sugar-growing islands of the West Indies.
See Grenada Handbook (London, 1905).
GRENADE (from the French word for a pomegranate, from a resemblance in shape to that fruit), a small spherical explosive vessel thrown by hand. Hand-grenades were used in war in the 16th century, but the word “grenade” was also from the
