nunnery from which Catherine von Bora fled in 1523, and the village of Döben, with an old castle. Grimma is of Sorbian origin, and is first mentioned in 1203. It passed then into possession of Saxony and has remained since part of that country.
See Lorenz, Die Stadt Grimma, historisch beschrieben (Leipzig, 1871); Rössler, Geschichte der königlich sächsischen Fürsten- und Landesschule Grimma (Leipzig, 1891); L. Schmidt, Urkundenbuch der Stadt Grimma (Leipzig, 1895); and Fraustadt, Grimmenser Stammbuch (Grimma, 1900).
GRIMMELSHAUSEN, HANS JAKOB CHRISTOFFEL VON (c. 1625–1676), German author, was born at Gelnhausen in or
about 1625. At the age of ten he was kidnapped by Hessian
soldiery, and in their midst tasted the adventures of military
life in the Thirty Years’ War. At its close, Grimmelshausen
entered the service of Franz Egon von Fürstenberg, bishop
of Strassburg and in 1665 was made Schultheiss (magistrate)
at Renchen in Baden. On obtaining this appointment, he
devoted himself to literary pursuits, and in 1669 published
Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus, Teutsch, d.h. die Beschreibung
des Lebens eines seltsamen Vaganten, genannt Melchior Sternfels
von Fuchsheim, the greatest German novel of the 17th century.
For this work he took as his model the picaresque romances of
Spain, already to some extent known in Germany. Simplicissimus
is in great measure its author’s autobiography; he begins
with the childhood of his hero, and describes the latter’s adventures
amid the stirring scenes of the Thirty Years’ War. The
realistic detail with which these pictures are presented makes the
book one of the most valuable documents of its time. In the
later parts Grimmelshausen, however, over-indulges in allegory,
and finally loses himself in a Robinson Crusoe story. Among
his other works the most important are the so-called Simplicianische
Schriften: Die Erzbetrügerin und Landstörtzerin Courasche
(c. 1669); Der seltsame Springinsfeld (1670) and Das wunderbarliche
Vogelnest (1672). His satires, such as Der teutsche Michel
(1670), and “gallant” novels, like Dietwald und Amelinde
(1670) are of inferior interest. He died at Renchen on the
17th of August 1676, where a monument was erected to him in
1879.
Editions of Simplicissimus and the Simplicianische Schriften have been published by A. von Keller (1854), H. Kurz (1863–1864), J. Tittmann (1877) and F. Bobertag (1882). A reprint of the first edition of the novel was edited by R. Kögel for the series of Neudrucke des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (1880). See the introductions to these editions; also F. Antoine, Étude sur le Simplicissimus de Grimmelshausen (1882) and E. Schmidt in his Charakteristiken, vol. i. (1886).
GRIMOARD, PHILIPPE HENRI, Comte de (1753–1815),
French soldier and military writer, entered the royal army at
the age of sixteen, and in 1775 published his Essai théorique et
practique sur les batailles. Shortly afterwards Louis XVI.
placed him in his own military cabinet and employed him
especially in connexion with schemes of army reform. By the
year of the Revolution he had become one of Louis’s most
valued counsellors, in political as well as military matters, and
was marked out, though only a colonel, as the next Minister of
War. In 1791 Grimoard was entrusted with the preparation
of the scheme of defence for France, which proved two years
later of great assistance to the Committee of Public Safety.
The events of 1792 put an end to his military career, and the
remainder of his life was spent in writing military books.
The following works by him, besides his first essay, have retained some importance: Histoire des dernières campagnes de Turenne (Paris, 1780), Lettres et mémoires de Turenne (Paris, 1780), Troupes légères et leur emploi (Paris, 1782), Conquêtes de Gustave-Adolphe (Stockholm and Neufchatel, 1782–1791); Mémoires de Gustave Adolphe (Paris, 1790), Correspondence of Marshal Richelieu (Paris, 1789), St Germain (1789), and Bernis (1790), Vie et règne de Frédéric le Grand (London, 1788), Lettres et mémoires du maréchal de Saxe (Paris, 1794), L’Expédition de Minorque en 1756 (Paris, 1798), Recherches sur la force de l’armée française depuis Henri IV jusqu’en 1805 (Paris, 1806), Mémoires du maréchal de Tessé (Paris, 1806), Lettres de Bolingbroke (Paris, 1808), Traité, sur le service d’état-major (Paris, 1809), and (with Servan) Tableau historique de la guerre de la Révolution 1792–1794 (Paris, 1808).
GRIMSBY, or Great Grimsby, a municipal, county and
parliamentary borough of Lincolnshire, England; an important
seaport near the mouth of the Humber on the south shore.
Pop. (1901) 63,138. It is 155 m. N. by E. from London by the
Great Northern railway, and is also served by the Great Central
railway. The church of St James, situated in the older part of the
town, is a cruciform Early English building, retaining, in spite
of injudicious restoration, many beautiful details. The chief
buildings are that containing the town hall and the grammar
school (a foundation of 1547), the exchange, a theatre, and the
customs house and dock offices. A sailors’ and fishermen’s
Harbour of Refuge, free library, constitutional club and technical
school are maintained. The duke of York public gardens were
opened in 1894. Adjacent to Grimsby on the east is the coastal
watering-place of Cleethorpes.
The dock railway station lies a mile from the town station. In 1849 the Great Central (then the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire) railway initiated a scheme of reclamation and dock-construction. This was completed in 1854, and subsequent extensions were made. There are two large fish-docks, and, for general traffic, the Royal dock, communicating with the Humber through a tidal basin, the small Union dock, and the extensive Alexandra dock, together with graving docks, timber yards, a patent slip, &c. These docks have an area of about 104 acres, but were found insufficient for the growing traffic of the port, and in 1906 the construction of a large new dock, of about 40 acres’ area and 30 to 35 ft. depth, was undertaken by the Great Central Company at Immingham, 5 m. above Grimsby on the Humber. The principal imports are butter, woollens, timber, cereals, eggs, glass, cottons, preserved meat, wool, sugar and bacon. The exports consist chiefly of woollen yarn, woollens, cotton goods, cotton yarn, machinery, &c. and coal. It is as a fishing port, however, that Grimsby is chiefly famous. Two of the docks are for the accommodation of the fishing fleet, which, consisting principally of steam trawlers, numbers upwards of 500 vessels. Regular passenger steamers run from Grimsby to Dutch and south Swedish ports, and to Esbjerg (Denmark), chiefly those of the Wilson line and the Great Central railway. The chief industries of Grimsby are shipbuilding, brewing, tanning, manufactures of ship tackle, ropes, ice for preserving fish, turnery, flour, linseed cake, artificial manure; and there are saw mills, bone and corn mills, and creosote works. The municipal borough is under a mayor, 12 aldermen and 36 councillors. Area, 2852 acres.
Grimsby (Grimesbi) is supposed to have been the landing-place of the Danes on their first invasion of Britain towards the close of the 8th century. It was a borough by prescription as early as 1201, in which year King John granted the burgesses a charter of liberties according to the custom of the burgesses of Northampton. Henry III. in 1227 granted to “the mayor and good men” of Grimsby, that they should hold the town for a yearly rent of £111, and confirmed the same in 1271. These charters were confirmed by later sovereigns. A governing charter, under the title of mayor and burgesses, was given by James II. in 1688, and under this the appointment of officers and other of the corporation, arrangements are to a great extent regulated. In 1201 King John granted the burgesses an annual fair for fifteen days, beginning on the 25th of May. Two annual fairs are now held, namely on the first Monday in April and the second Monday in October. No early grant of a market can be found, but in 1792 the market-day was Wednesday. In 1888 it had ceased to exist. Grimsby returned two members to the parliament of 1298, but in 1833 the number was reduced to one.
In the time of Edward III. Grimsby was an important seaport, but the haven became obstructed by sand and mud deposited by the Humber, and so the access of large vessels was prevented. At the beginning of the 19th century a subscription was raised by the proprietors of land in the neighbourhood for improving the harbour, and an act was obtained by which they were incorporated under the title “The Grimsby Haven Co.” The fishing trade had become so important by 1800 that it was necessary to construct a new dock.
GRIMSTON, SIR HARBOTTLE (1603–1685), English politician, second son of Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bart. (d. 1648), was born
