friend of Georges Bizet, was for some years professor of composition at the Conservatoire. He was the author of an excellent treatise on instrumentation. He died in Paris on the 6th of May 1892.
GUISBOROUGH, or Guisbrough, a market town in the
Cleveland parliamentary division of the North Riding of Yorkshire,
England, 10 m. E.S.E. of Middlesbrough by a branch of
the North-Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 5645.
It is well situated in a narrow, fertile valley at the N. foot of
the Cleveland Hills. The church of St Nicholas is Perpendicular,
greatly restored. Other buildings are the town hall, and the
modern buildings of the grammar school founded in 1561. Ruins
of an Augustinian priory, founded in 1129, are beautifully
situated near the eastern extremity of the town. The church
contains some fine Decorated work, and the chapter house and
parts of the conventual buildings may be traced. Considerable
fragments of Norman and transitional work remain. Among
the historic personages who were buried within its walls was
Robert Bruce, lord of Annandale, the competitor for the throne
of Scotland with John Baliol, and the grandfather of King
Robert the Bruce. About 1 m. S.E. of the town there is a
sulphurous spring discovered in 1822. The district neighbouring
to Guisborough is rich in iron-stone. Its working forms the
chief industry of the town, and there are also tanneries and breweries.
GUISE, a town of northern France, in the department of
Aisne, on the Oise, 31 m. N. of Laon by rail. Pop. (1906), 7562.
The town was formerly the capital of the district of Thiérache
and afterwards of a countship (see below). There is a château
dating in part from the middle of the 16th century. Camille
Desmoulins was in 1762 born in the town, which has erected a
statue to him. The chief industry is the manufacture of iron
stoves and heating apparatus, carried on on the co-operative
system in works founded by J. B. A. Godin, who built for his
workpeople the huge buildings known as the familistère, in front
of which stands his statue. A board of trade-arbitration is
among the public institutions.
GUISE, HOUSE OF, a cadet branch of the house of Lorraine (q.v.). René II., duke of Lorraine (d. 1508), united the two
branches of the house of Lorraine. From his paternal grandmother,
Marie d’Harcourt, René inherited the countships of
Aumale, Mayenne, Elbeuf, Lillebonne, Brionne and other
French fiefs, in addition to the honours of the elder branch,
which included the countship of Guise, the dowry of Marie of
Blois on her marriage in 1333 with Rudolph or Raoul of Lorraine.
René’s eldest surviving son by his marriage with Philippa,
daughter of Adolphus of Egmont, duke of Gelderland, was
Anthony, who succeeded his father as duke of Lorraine (d. 1544),
while the second, Claude, count and afterwards duke of Guise,
received the French fiefs. The Guises, though naturalized in
France, continued to interest themselves in the fortunes of
Lorraine, and their enemies were always ready to designate
them as foreigners. The partition between the brothers Anthony
and Claude was ratified by a further agreement in 1530, reserving
the lapsed honours of the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Sicily, Aragon,
the duchy of Anjou and the countships of Provence and Maine
to the duke of Lorraine. Of the other sons of René II., John
(1498–1550) became the first cardinal of Lorraine, while Ferri,
Louis and Francis fell fighting in the French armies at Marignano
(1515), Naples (1528) and Pavia (1525) respectively.
Claude of Lorraine, count and afterwards 1st duke of Guise (1496–1550), was born on the 20th of October 1496. He was educated at the French court, and at seventeen allied himself to the royal house of France by a marriage with Antoinette de Bourbon (1493–1583) daughter of François, Count of Vendôme. Guise distinguished himself at Marignano (1515), and was long in recovering from the twenty-two wounds he received in the battle; in 1521 he fought at Fuenterrabia, when Louise of Savoy ascribed the capture of the place to his efforts; in 1522 he defended northern France, and forced the English to raise the siege of Hesdin; and in 1523 he obtained the government of Champagne and Burgundy, defeating at Neufchâteau the imperial troops who had invaded his province. In 1525 he destroyed the Anabaptist peasant army, which was overrunning Lorraine, at Lupstein, near Saverne (Zabern). On the return of Francis I. from captivity, Guise was erected into a duchy in the peerage of France, though up to this time only princes of the royal house had held the title of duke and peer of France. The Guises, as cadets of the sovereign house of Lorraine and descendants of the house of Anjou, claimed precedence of the Bourbon princes. Their pretensions and ambitions inspired distrust in Francis I., although he rewarded Guise’s services by substantial gifts in land and money. The duke distinguished himself in the Luxemburg campaign in 1542, but for some years before his death he effaced himself before the growing fortunes of his sons. He died on the 12th of April 1550.
He had been supported in all his undertakings and intrigues by his brother John, cardinal of Lorraine (1498–1550), who had been made coadjutor of Metz at the age of three. The cardinal was archbishop of Reims, Lyons and Narbonne, bishop of Metz, Toul, Verdun, Thérouanne, Luçon, Albi, Valence, Nantes and Agen, and before he died had squandered most of the wealth which he had derived from these and other benefices. Part of his ecclesiastical preferments he gave up in favour of his nephews. He became a member of the royal council in 1530, and in 1536 was entrusted with an embassy to Charles V. Although a complaisant helper in Francis I.’s pleasures, he was disgraced in 1542, and retired to Rome. He died at Nogent-sur-Yonne on the 18th of May 1550. He was extremely dissolute, but as an open-handed patron of art and learning, as the protector and friend of Erasmus, Marot and Rabelais he did something to counter-balance the general unpopularity of his calculating and avaricious brother.
Claude of Guise had twelve children, among them Francis, 2nd duke of Guise; Charles, 2nd cardinal of Lorraine (1524–1574), who became archbishop of Reims in 1538 and cardinal in 1547; Claude, marquis of Mayenne, duke of Aumale (1526–1573), governor of Burgundy, who married Louise de Brézé, daughter of Diane de Poitiers, thus securing a powerful ally for the family; Louis (1527–1578), bishop of Troyes, archbishop of Sens and cardinal of Guise; René, marquis of Elbeuf (1536–1566), from whom descended the families of Harcourt, Armagnac, Marsan and Lillebonne; Mary of Lorraine (q.v.), generally known as Mary of Guise, who after the death of her second husband, James V. of Scotland, acted as regent of Scotland for her daughter Mary, queen of Scots; and Francis (1534–1563), grand prior of the order of the Knights of Malta. The solidarity of this family, all the members of which through three generations cheerfully submitted to the authority of the head of the house, made it a formidable factor in French politics.
Francis of Lorraine, 2nd duke of Guise (1519–1563), “le grand Guise,” was born at Bar on the 17th of February 1519. As count of Aumale he served in the French army, and was nearly killed at the siege of Boulogne in 1545 by a wound which brought him the name of “Balafré.” Aumale was made (1547) a peerage-duchy in his favour, and on the accession of Henry II. the young duke, who had paid assiduous court to Diane de Poitiers, shared the chief honours of the kingdom with the constable Anne de Montmorency. Both cherished ambitions for their families, but the Guises were more unscrupulous in subordinating the interests of France to their own. Montmorency’s brutal manners, however, made enemies where Guise’s grace and courtesy won him friends. Guise was a suitor for the hand of Jeanne d’Albret, princess of Navarre, who refused, however, to become a sister-in-law of a daughter of Diane de Poitiers and remained one of the most dangerous and persistent enemies of the Guises. He married in December 1548 Anne of Este, daughter of Ercole II., duke of Ferrara, and through her mother Renée, a granddaughter of Louis XII. of France. In the same year he had put down a peasant rising in Saintonge with a humanity that compared very favourably with the cruelty shown by Montmorency to the town of Bordeaux. He made preparations in Lorraine for the king’s German campaign of 1551–52. He was already governor of Dauphiné, and now became grand chamberlain, prince of Joinville, and hereditary seneschal of Champagne, with large additions to his already considerable revenues. He was charged with the defence of Metz, which Henry II. had entered in 1551. He reached the
