surety, Martin Brechter. But the payment due on the latter date appears to have been delayed, as an entry in the register of that year shows that the chapter had incurred expenses in taking steps to have both Gutenberg and Brechter arrested. This time the difficulties seem to have been removed, but on and after the 11th of November 1458 Gutenberg and Brechter remained in default. The chapter made various efforts, all recorded in their registers, to get their money, but in vain. Every year they recorded the arrears with the expenses to which they were put in their efforts to arrest the defaulters, till at last in 1474 (six years after Gutenberg’s death) their names are no longer mentioned.
Meantime Gutenberg appears to have been printing, as we learn from a document dated February 26, 1468, that a syndic of Mainz, Dr Conrad Homery (who had formerly been in the service of the elector Count Diether of Ysenburg), had at one time supplied him, not with money, but with some formes, types, tools, implements and other things belonging to printing, which Gutenberg had left after his death, and which had, and still, belonged to him (Homery); this material had come into the hands of Adolf, the archbishop of Mainz, who handed or sent it back to Homery, the latter undertaking to use it in no other town but Mainz, nor to sell it to any person except a citizen of Mainz, even if a stranger should offer him a higher price for the things. This material has never yet been identified, so that we do not know what types Gutenberg may have had at his disposal; they could hardly have included the types of the Catholicon of 1460, as is suggested, this work being probably executed by Heinrich Bechtermünze (d. 1467), who afterwards removed to Eltville, or perhaps by Peter Schöffer, who, about 1470, advertises the book as his property (see K. Burger, Buchhändler-Anzeigen). It is uncertain whether Gutenberg remained in Mainz or removed to the neighbouring town of Eltville, where he may have been engaged for a while with the brothers Bechtermünze, who printed there for some time with the types of the 1460 Catholicon. On the 17th of January 1465 he accepted the post of salaried courtier from the archbishop Adolf, and in this capacity received annually a suit of livery together with a fixed allowance of corn and wine. Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468, and was, according to tradition, buried in the Franciscan church in that city. His relative Arnold Gelthus erected a monument to his memory near his supposed grave, and forty years afterwards Ivo Wittig set up a memorial tablet at the legal college at Mainz. No books bearing the name of Gutenberg as printer are known, nor is any genuine portrait of him known, those appearing upon medals, statues or engraved plates being all fictitious.
In 1898 the firm of L. Rosenthal, at Munich, acquired a Missale speciale on paper, which Otto Hupp, in two treatises published in 1898 and 1902, asserts to have been printed by Gutenberg about 1450, seven years before the 1457 Psalter. Various German bibliographers, however, think that it could not have been printed before 1480, and, judging from the facsimiles published by Hupp, this date seems to be approximately correct.
On the 24th of June 1900 the five-hundredth anniversary of Gutenberg’s birth was celebrated in several German cities, notably in Mainz and Leipzig, and most of the recent literature on the invention of printing dates from that time.
So we may note that in 1902 a vellum fragment of an Astronomical Kalendar was discovered by the librarian of Wiesbaden, Dr G. Zedler (Die älteste Gutenbergtype, Mainz, 1902), apparently printed in the 36-line Bible type, and as the position of the sun, moon and other planets described in this document suits the years 1429, 1448 and 1467, he ascribes the printing of this Kalendar to the year 1447. A paper fragment of a poem in German, entitled Weltgericht, said to be printed in the 36-line Bible type, appears to have come into the possession of Herr Eduard Beck at Mainz in 1892, and was presented by him in 1903 to the Gutenberg Museum in that city. Zedler published a facsimile of it in 1904 (for the Gutenberg Gesellschaft), with a description, in which he places it before the 1447 Kalendar, c. 1444–1447. Moreover, fragments of two editions of Donatus different from that of 1451 (?) have recently been found; see Schwenke in Centralbl. für Bibliothekwesen (1908).
The recent literature upon Gutenberg’s life and work and early printing in general includes the following: A. von der Linde, Geschichte und Erdichtung (Stuttgart, 1878); id. Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst (Berlin, 1886); J. H. Hessels, Gutenberg, Was he the Inventor of Printing? (London, 1882); id. Haarlem, the Birthplace of Printing, not Mentz (London, 1886); O. Hartwig, Festschrift zum fünfhundertjährigen Geburtstag von Johann Gutenberg (Leipzig, 1900), which includes various treatises by Schenk zu Schweinsberg, K. Schorbach, &c.; P. Schwenke, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des ersten Buchdrucks (Berlin, 1900); A. Börckel, Gutenberg, sein Leben, &c. (Giessen, 1897); id. Gutenberg und seine berühmten Nachfolger im ersten Jahrhundert der Typographie (Frankfort, 1900); F. Schneider, Mainz und seine Drucker (1900); G. Zedler, Gutenberg-Forschungen (Leipzig, 1901); J. H. Hessels, The so-called Gutenberg Documents (London, 1910). For other works on the subject see Typography. (J. H. H.)
GÜTERSLOH, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Westphalia, 11 m. S.W. from Bielefeld by the railway to Dortmund.
Pop. (1905), 7375. It is a seat of silk and cotton industries,
and has a large trade in Westphalian hams and sausages.
Printing, brewing and distilling are also carried on, and the
town is famous for its rye-bread (Pumpernickel). Gütersloh has
two Evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue,
a school and other educational establishments.
See Eickhoff, Geschichte der Stadt und Gemeinde Gütersloh (Gütersloh, 1904).
GUTHRIE, SIR JAMES (1859– ), Scottish painter, and one
of the leaders of the so-called Glasgow school of painters, was
born at Greenock. Though in his youth he was influenced by
John Pettie in London, and subsequently studied in Paris, his
style, which is remarkable for grasp of character, breadth and
spontaneity, is due to the lessons taught him by observation of
nature, and to the example of Crawhall, by which he benefited in
Lincolnshire in the early ’eighties of the last century. In his
early works, such as “The Gipsy Fires are Burning, for Daylight
is Past and Gone” (1882), and the “Funeral Service in the
Highlands,” he favoured a thick impasto, but with growing
experience he used his colour with greater economy and reticence.
Subsequently he devoted himself almost exclusively to
portraiture. Sir James Guthrie, like so many of the Glasgow
artists, achieved his first successes on the Continent, but soon
found recognition in his native country. He was elected
associate of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1888, and full
member in 1892, succeeded Sir George Reid as president of the
Royal Scottish Academy in 1902, and was knighted in 1903.
His painting “Schoolmates” is at the Ghent Gallery. Among
his most successful portraits are those of his mother, Mr R.
Garroway, Major Hotchkiss, Mrs Fergus, Professor Jack, and
Mrs Watson.
GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803–1873), Scottish divine, was born
at Brechin, Forfarshire, on the 12th of July 1803. He entered
the university of Edinburgh at the early age of twelve, and
continued to attend classes there for more than ten years. On
the 2nd of February 1825 the presbytery of Brechin licensed him
as a preacher in connexion with the Church of Scotland, and in
1826 he was in Paris studying natural philosophy, chemistry, and
comparative anatomy. For two years he acted as manager of
his father’s bank, and in 1830 was inducted to his first charge,
Arbirlot, in Forfarshire, where he adopted a vivid dramatic style
of preaching adapted to his congregation of peasants, farmers
and weavers. In 1837 he became the colleague of John Sym in
the pastorate of Old Greyfriars, Edinburgh, and at once
attracted notice as a great pulpit orator. Towards the close of
1840 he became minister of St John’s church, Victoria Street,
Edinburgh. He declined invitations both from London and
from India. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the movement
which led to the Disruption of 1843; and his name is
thenceforth associated with the Free Church, for which he
collected £116,000 from July 1845 to June 1846 to provide
manses for the seceding ministers. In 1844 he became a
teetotaller. In 1847 he began the greatest work of his life by the
publication of his first “Plea for Ragged Schools.” This
