comparative philology and remained there till his death, which occurred at Chickies, Pa., on the 10th of September 1880. His writings include Freshwater Univalve Mollusca of the United States (1840); Zoological Contributions (1842–1843); Analytic Orthography (1860); Tours of a Chess Knight (1864); Pennsylvania Dutch, a Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English (1872); Outlines of Etymology (1877); and Word-Building (1881).
HALDIMAND, SIR FREDERICK (1718–1791), British general
and administrator, was born at Yverdun, Neuchâtel, Switzerland,
on the 11th of August 1718, of Huguenot descent. After serving
in the armies of Sardinia, Russia and Holland, he entered
British service in 1754, and subsequently naturalized as an
English citizen. During the Seven Years’ War he served in
America, was wounded at Ticonderoga (1758) and was present at
the taking of Montreal (1760). After filling with credit several
administrative positions in Canada, Florida and New York,
in 1778 he succeeded Sir Guy Carleton (afterwards Lord Dorchester)
as governor-general of Canada. His measures against
French sympathizers with the Americans have incurred
extravagant strictures from French-Canadian historians, but he
really showed moderation as well as energy. In 1785 he returned
to London. He died at his birthplace on the 5th of
June 1791.
His life has been well written by Jean McIlwraith in the “Makers of Canada” series (Toronto, 1904). His Correspondence and Diary fill 262 volumes in the Canadian Archives, and are catalogued in the Annual Reports (1884–1889).
HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822–1909), American author,
was born in Boston on the 3rd of April 1822, son of Nathan Hale
(1784–1863), proprietor and editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser,
nephew of Edward Everett, the orator and statesman, and grand-nephew
of Nathan Hale, the martyr spy. He graduated from
Harvard in 1839; was pastor of the church of the Unity,
Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1846–1856, and of the South
Congregational (Unitarian) church, Boston, in 1856–1899; and
in 1903 became chaplain of the United States Senate. He died
at Roxbury (Boston), Massachusetts, on the 10th of June 1909.
His forceful personality, organizing genius, and liberal practical
theology, together with his deep interest in the anti-slavery
movement (especially in Kansas), popular education (especially
Chautauqua work), and the working-man’s home, were active
in raising the tone of American life for half a century. He was
a constant and voluminous contributor to the newspapers and
magazines. He was an assistant editor of the Boston Daily
Advertiser, and edited the Christian Examiner, Old and New
(which he assisted in founding in 1869; in 1875 it was merged in
Scribner’s Magazine), Lend a Hand (founded by him in 1886 and
merged in the Charities Review in 1897), and the Lend a Hand
Record; and he was the author or editor of more than sixty
books—fiction, travel, sermons, biography and history.
He first came into notice as a writer in 1859, when he contributed the short story “My Double and How He Undid Me” to the Atlantic Monthly. He soon published in the same periodical other stories, the best known of which was “The Man Without a Country” (1863), which did much to strengthen the Union cause in the North, and in which, as in some of his other non-romantic tales, he employed a minute realism which has led his readers to suppose the narrative a record of fact. The two stories mentioned, and such others as “The Rag-Man and the Rag-Woman” and “The Skeleton in the Closet,” gave him a prominent position among the short-story writers of America. The story Ten Times One is Ten (1870), with its hero Harry Wadsworth, and its motto, first enunciated in 1869 in his Lowell Institute lectures, “Look up and not down, look forward and not back, look out and not in, and lend a hand,” led to the formation among young people of “Lend-a-Hand Clubs,” “Look-up Legions” and “Harry Wadsworth Clubs.” Out of the romantic Waldensian story In His Name (1873) there similarly grew several other organizations for religious work, such as “King’s Daughters,” and “King’s Sons.”
Among his other books are Kansas and Nebraska (1854); The Ingham Papers (1869); His Level Best, and Other Stories (1870); Sybaris and Other Homes (1871); Philip Nolan’s Friends (1876), his best-known novel, and a sequel to The Man Without a Country; The Kingdom of God (1880); Christmas at Narragansett (1885); East and West, a novel (1892); For Fifty Years (poems, 1893); Ralph Waldo Emerson (1899); We, the People (1903); Prayers Offered in the Senate of the United States (1904), and Tarry-at-Home Travels (1906). He edited Lingard’s History of England (1853), and contributed to Winsor’s Memorial History of Boston (1880–1881), and to his Narrative and Critical History of America (1886–1889). With his son, Edward Everett Hale, Jr., he published Franklin in France (2 vols., 1887–1888), based largely on original research. The most charming books of his later years were A New England Boyhood (1893), James Russell Lowell and His Friends (1899), and Memories of a Hundred Years (1902).
A uniform and revised edition of his principal writings, in ten volumes, appeared in 1899–1901.
HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896), American ethnologist, was
born in Newport, New Hampshire, on the 3rd of May 1817. He
was the son of David Hale, a lawyer, and of Sarah Josepha Hale
(1790–1879), a popular poet, who, besides editing Godey’s Lady’s
Magazine for many years and publishing some ephemeral books,
is supposed to have written the verses “Mary had a little lamb,”
and to have been the first to suggest the national observance of
Thanksgiving Day. The son graduated in 1837 at Harvard,
and during 1838–1842 was philologist to the United States
Exploring Expedition, which under Captain Charles Wilkes sailed
around the world. Of the reports of that expedition Hale
prepared the sixth volume, Ethnography and Philology (1846),
which is said to have “laid the foundations of the ethnography
of Polynesia.” He was admitted to the Chicago bar in 1855,
and in the following year removed to Clinton, Ontario, Canada,
where he practised his profession, and where on the 28th of
December 1896 he died. He made many valuable contributions
to the science of ethnology, attracting attention particularly by
his theory of the origin of the diversities of human languages
and dialects—a theory suggested by his study of “child-languages,”
or the languages invented by little children. He
also emphasized the importance of languages as tests of mental
capacity and as “criteria for the classification of human groups.”
He was, moreover, the first to discover that the Tutelos of Virginia
belonged to the Siouan family, and to identify the Cherokee
as a member of the Iroquoian family of speech. Besides writing
numerous magazine articles, he read a number of valuable papers
before learned societies. These include: Indian Migrations as
Evidenced by Language (1882); The Origin of Languages and the
Antiquity of Speaking Man (1886); The Development of Language
(1888); and Language as a Test of Mental Capacity: Being an
Attempt to Demonstrate the True Basis of Anthropology (1891).
He also edited for Brinton’s “Library of Aboriginal Literature,”
the Iroquois Book of Rites (1883).
HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873), American statesman, was
born at Rochester, New Hampshire, on the 31st of March 1806.
He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1827, was admitted to the
New Hampshire bar in 1830, was a member of the state House of
Representatives in 1832, and from 1834 to 1841 was United
States district attorney for New Hampshire. In 1843–1845 he
was a Democratic member of the national House of Representatives,
and, though his earnest co-operation with John
Quincy Adams in securing the repeal of the “gag rule” directed
against the presentation to Congress of anti-slavery petitions
estranged him from the leaders of his party, he was renominated
without opposition. In January 1845, however, he refused in
a public statement to obey a resolution (28th of December 1844)
of the state legislature directing him and his New Hampshire
associates in Congress to support the cause of the annexation
of Texas, a Democratic measure which Hale regarded as being
distinctively in the interest of slavery. The Democratic State
convention was at once reassembled, Hale was denounced, and
his nomination withdrawn. In the election which followed Hale
ran independently, and, although the Democratic candidates
were elected in the other three congressional districts of the
state, his vote was large enough to prevent any choice (for which
a majority was necessary) in his own. Hale then set out in the
face of apparently hopeless odds to win over his state to the anti-slavery
cause. The remarkable canvass which he conducted
