representatives. On the 6th of June 1411 Pope John XXIII. made Hallam a cardinal, but there was some irregularity, and his title was not recognized. At the council of Constance (q.v.), which met in November 1414, Hallam was the chief English envoy. There he at once took a prominent position, as an advocate of the cause of Church reform, and of the superiority of the council to the pope. In the discussions which led up to the deposition of John XXIII. on the 29th of May 1415 he had a leading share. With the trials of John Hus and Jerome of Prague he had less concern. The emperor Sigismund, through whose influence the council had been assembled, was absent during the whole of 1416 on a diplomatic mission in France and England; but when he returned to Constance in January 1417, as the open ally of the English king, Hallam as Henry’s trusted representative obtained increased importance. Hallam contrived skilfully to emphasize English prestige by delivering the address of welcome to Sigismund on his formal reception. Afterwards, under his master’s direction, he gave the emperor vigorous support in the endeavour to secure a reform of the Church, before the council proceeded to the election of a new pope. This matter was still undecided when Hallam died suddenly, on the 4th of September 1417. After his death the direction of the English nation fell into less skilful hands, with the result that the cardinals were able to secure the immediate election of a new pope (Martin V., elected on the 11th of November). It has been supposed that the abandonment of the reformers by the English was due entirely to Hallam’s death; but it is more likely that Henry V., foreseeing the possible need for a change of front, had given Hallam discretionary powers which the bishop’s successors used with too little judgment. Hallam himself, who had the confidence of Sigismund and was generally respected for his straightforward independence, might have achieved a better result. Hallam was buried in the cathedral at Constance, where his tomb near the high altar is marked by a brass of English workmanship.
For the acts of the council of Constance see H. von der Hardt’s Concilium Constantiense, and H. Finke’s Acta concilii Constanciensis. For a modern account see Mandell Creighton’s History of the Papacy (6 vols., London, 1897). (C. L. K.)
HALLÉ, SIR CHARLES (originally Karl Halle) (1819–1895),
English pianist and conductor, German by nationality, was
born at Hagen, in Westphalia, on the 11th of April 1819. He
studied under Rink at Darmstadt in 1835, and as early as 1836
went to Paris, where for twelve years he lived in constant intercourse
with Cherubini, Chopin, Liszt and other musicians, and
enjoyed the friendship of such great literary figures as Alfred
de Musset and George Sand. He had started a set of chamber
concerts with Alard and Franchomme with great success, and
had completed one series of them when the revolution of 1848
drove him from Paris, and he settled, with his wife and two
children, in London. His pianoforte recitals, given at first from
1850 in his own house, and from 1861 in St James’s Hall, were an
important feature of London musical life, and it was due in
great measure to them that a knowledge of Beethoven’s pianoforte
sonatas became general in English society. At the Musical
Union founded by John Ella, and at the Popular Concerts from
their beginning, Hallé was a frequent performer, and from 1853
was director of the Gentlemen’s Concerts in Manchester, where,
in 1857, he started a series of concerts of his own, raising the
orchestra to a pitch of perfection quite unknown at that time
in England. In 1888 he married Madame Norman Neruda
(b. 1839), the violinist, widow of Ludwig Norman, and daughter
of Josef Neruda, members of whose family had long been famous
for musical talent. In the same year he was knighted; and
in 1890 and 1891 he toured with his wife in Australia and elsewhere.
He died at Manchester on the 25th of October 1895.
Hallé exercised an important influence in the musical education
of England; if his pianoforte-playing, by which he was mainly
known to the public in London, seemed remarkable rather for
precision than for depth, for crystal clearness rather than for
warmth, and for perfect realization of the written text rather
than for strong individuality, it was at least of immense value
as giving the composer’s idea with the utmost fidelity. Those
who were privileged to hear him play in private, like those who
could appreciate the power, beauty and imaginative warmth
of his conducting, would have given a very different verdict;
and they were not wrong in judging Hallé to be a man of the
widest and keenest artistic sympathies, with an extraordinary
gift of insight into music of every school, as well as a strong sense
of humour. He fought a long and arduous battle for the best
music, and never forgot the dignity of his art. In spite of the
fact that his technique was that of his youth, of the period before
Liszt, the ease and certainty he attained in the most modern
music was not the less wonderful because he concealed the
mechanical means so completely.
Lady Hallé, who from 1864 onwards had been one of the leading solo violinists of the time, was constantly associated with her husband on the concert stage till his death; and in 1896 a public subscription was organized in her behalf, under royal patronage. She continued to appear occasionally in public, notably as late as 1907, when she played at the Joachim memorial concert. In 1901 she was given by Queen Alexandra the title of “violinist to the queen.” A fine classical player and artist, frequently associated with Joachim, Lady Hallé was the first of the women violinists who could stand comparison with men.
HALLE (known as Halle-an-der-Saale, to distinguish it
from the small town of Halle in Westphalia), a town of Germany,
in the Prussian province of Saxony, situated in a sandy plain on
the right bank of the Saale, which here divides into several arms,
21 m. N.W. from Leipzig by the railway to Magdeburg. Pop.
(1875), 60,503; (1885) 81,982; (1895) 116,304; (1905) 160,031.
Owing to its situation at the junction of six important lines of
railway, bringing it into direct communication with Berlin,
Breslau, Leipzig, Frankfort-on-Main, the Harz country and
Hanover, it has greatly developed in size and in commercial
and industrial importance. It consists of the old, or inner, town
surrounded by promenades, which occupy the site of the former
fortifications, and beyond these of two small towns, Glaucha
in the south and Neumarkt in the north, and five rapidly increasing
suburbs. The inner town is irregularly built and
presents a somewhat unattractive appearance, but it has been
much improved and modernized by the laying out of new streets.
The centre of the town proper is occupied by the imposing market square, on which stand the fine medieval town hall (restored in 1883) and the handsome Gothic Marienkirche, dating mainly from the 16th century, with two towers connected by a bridge. In the middle of the square are a clock-tower (Der rote Turm) 276 ft. in height, and a bronze statue of Handel, the composer, a native of Halle. West of the market-square lies the Halle, or the Tal, where the brine springs (see below) issue. Among the eleven churches, nine Protestant and two Roman Catholic, may also be mentioned the St Moritzkirche, dating from the 12th century, with fine wood carvings and sculptures, and the cathedral (belonging since 1689 to the Reformed or Calvinistic church), built in the 16th century and containing an altar-piece representing Duke Augustus of Saxony and his family. Of secular buildings the most noticeable are the ruins of the castle of Moritzburg, formerly a citadel and the residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg, destroyed by fire in the Thirty Years’ War, with the exception of the left wing now used for military purposes, the university buildings, the theatre and the new railway station. The famous university was founded by the elector Frederick III. of Brandenburg (afterwards king of Prussia), in 1694, on behalf of the jurist, Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), whom many students followed to Halle, when he was expelled from Leipzig through the enmity of his fellow professors. It was closed by Napoleon in 1806 and again in 1813, but in 1815 was re-established and augmented by the removal to it of the university of Wittenberg, with which it thus became united. It has faculties of theology, law, medicine and philosophy. From the first it has been recognized as one of the principal seats of Protestant theology, originally of the pietistic and latterly of the rationalistic and critical school. In connexion with the university there are a botanical garden, a theological seminary,
