he began to learn writing, but his sickly constitution gave way, and he died on the 22nd of June 1725.
The Life, Deeds, Travels and Death of the Child of Lübeck were published in the following year by his tutor Schöneich. See also Teutsche Bibliothek, xvii., and Mémoires de Trévoux (Jan. 1731).
HEINICKE, SAMUEL (1727–1790), the originator in Germany of systematic education for the deaf and dumb, was born on the
10th of April 1727, at Nautschütz, Germany. Entering the
electoral bodyguard at Dresden, he subsequently supported
himself by teaching. About 1754 his first deaf and dumb pupil
was brought him. His success in teaching this pupil was so
great that he determined to devote himself entirely to this work.
The outbreak of the Seven Years’ War upset his plans for a time.
Taken prisoner at Pirna, he was brought to Dresden, but soon
made his escape. In 1768, when living in Hamburg, he successfully
taught a deaf and dumb boy to talk, following the methods
prescribed by Amman in his book Surdus loquens, but improving
on them. Recalled to his own country by the elector of Saxony,
he opened in Leipzig, in 1778, the first deaf and dumb institution
in Germany. This school he directed till his death, which took
place on the 30th of April 1790. He was the author of a variety
of books on the instruction of the deaf and dumb.
HEINSE, JOHANN JAKOB WILHELM (1749–1803), German
author, was born at Langewiesen near Ilmenau in Thuringia on
the 16th of February 1749. After attending the gymnasium at
Schleusingen he studied law at Jena and Erfurt. In Erfurt he
became acquainted with Wieland and through him with “Father”
Gleim who in 1772 procured him the post of tutor in a family at
Quedlinburg. In 1774 he went to Düsseldorf, where he assisted
the poet J. G. Jacobi to edit the periodical Iris. Here the
famous picture gallery inspired him with a passion for art, to the
study of which he devoted himself with so much zeal and insight
that Jacobi furnished him with funds for a stay in Italy, where
he remained for three years (1780–1783), He returned to Düsseldorf
in 1784, and in 1786 was appointed reader to the elector
Frederick Charles Joseph, archbishop of Mainz, who subsequently
made him his librarian at Aschaffenburg, where he died
on the 22nd of June 1803.
The work upon which Heinse’s fame mainly rests is Ardinghello und die glückseligen Inseln (1787), a novel which forms the framework for the exposition of his views on art and life, the plot being laid in the Italy of the 16th century. This and his other novels Laidion, oder die eleusinischen Geheimnisse (1774) and Hildegard von Hohenthal (1796) combine the frank voluptuousness of Wieland with the enthusiasm of the “Sturm und Drang.” Both as novelist and art critic, Heinse had considerable influence on the romantic school.
Heinse’s complete works (Sämtliche Schriften) were published by H. Laube in 10 vols. (Leipzig, 1838). A new edition by C. Schüddekopf is in course of publication (Leipzig, 1901 sqq.). See H. Pröhle, Lessing, Wieland, Heinse (Berlin, 1877), and J. Schober, Johann Jacob Wilhelm Heinse, sein Leben und seine Werke (Leipzig, 1882); also K. D. Jessen, Heinses Stellung zur bildenden Kunst (Berlin, 1903).
HEINSIUS (or Heins) DANIEL (1580–1655), one of the most
famous scholars of the Dutch Renaissance, was born at Ghent
on the 9th of June 1580. The troubles of the Spanish war drove
his parents to settle first at Veere in Zeeland, then in England,
next at Ryswick and lastly at Flushing. In 1594, being already
remarkable for his attainments, he was sent to the university of
Franeker to perfect himself in Greek under Henricus Schotanus.
He stayed at Franeker half a year, and then settled at Leiden
for the remaining sixty years of his life. There he studied under
Joseph Scaliger, and there he found Marnix de St Aldegonde,
Janus Douza, Paulus Merula and others, and was soon taken
into the society of these celebrated men as their equal. His
proficiency in the classic languages won the praise of all the best
scholars of Europe, and offers were made to him, but in vain, to
accept honourable positions outside Holland. He soon rose in
dignity at the university of Leiden. In 1602 he was made
professor of Latin, in 1605 professor of Greek, and at the death of
Merula in 1607 he succeeded that illustrious scholar as librarian
to the university. The remainder of his life is recorded in a list of
his productions. He died at the Hague on the 25th of February
1655. The Dutch poetry of Heinsius is of the school of Roemer
Visscher, but attains no very high excellence. It was, however,
greatly admired by Martin Opitz, who was the pupil of Heinsius,
and who, in translating the poetry of the latter, introduced the
German public to the use of the rhyming alexandrine.
He published his original Latin poems in three volumes—Iambi (1602), Elegiae (1603) and Poëmata (1605); his Emblemata amatoria, poems in Dutch and Latin, were first printed in 1604. In the same year he edited Theocritus, Bion and Moschus, having edited Hesiod in 1603. In 1609 he printed his Latin Orations. In 1610 he edited Horace, and in 1611 Aristotle and Seneca. In 1613 appeared in Dutch his tragedy of The Massacre of the Innocents; and in 1614 his treatise De politico sapientia. In 1616 he collected his original Dutch poems into a volume. He edited Terence in 1618, Livy in 1620, published his oration De contemptu mortis in 1621, and brought out the Epistles of Joseph Scaliger in 1627.
HEINSIUS, NIKOLAES (1620–1681), Dutch scholar, son of
Daniel Heinsius, was born at Leiden on the 20th of July 1620.
His boyish Latin poem of Breda expugnata was printed in
1637, and attracted much attention. In 1642 he began his
wanderings with a visit to England in search of MSS. of the
classics; but he met with little courtesy from the English
scholars. In 1644 he was sent to Spa to drink the waters; his
health restored, he set out once more in search of codices, passing
through Louvain, Brussels, Mechlin, Antwerp and so back to
Leiden, everywhere collating MSS. and taking philological and
textual notes. Almost immediately he set out again, and arriving
in Paris was welcomed with open arms by the French savants.
After investigating all the classical texts he could lay hands on,
he proceeded southwards, and visited on the same quest Lyons,
Marseilles, Pisa, Florence (where he paused to issue a new edition
of Ovid) and Rome. Next year, 1647, found him in Naples,
from which he fled during the reign of Masaniello; he pursued
his labours in Leghorn, Bologna, Venice and Padua, at which
latter city he published in 1648 his volume of original Latin verse
entitled Italica. He proceeded to Milan, and worked for a considerable
time in the Ambrosian library; he was preparing to
explore Switzerland in the same patient manner, when the news
of his father’s illness recalled him hurriedly to Leiden. He was
soon called away to Stockholm at the invitation of Queen
Christina, at whose court he waged war with Salmasius, who
accused him of having supplied Milton with facts from the life
of that great but irritable scholar. Heinsius paid a flying visit
to Leiden in 1650, but immediately returned to Stockholm. In
1651 he once more visited Italy; the remainder of his life was
divided between Upsala and Holland. He collected his Latin
poems into a volume in 1653. His latest labours were the
editing of Velleius Paterculus in 1678, and of Valerius Flaccus in
1680. He died at the Hague on the 7th of October 1681. Nikolaes
Heinsius was one of the purest and most elegant of Latinists, and
if his scholarship was not quite so perfect as that of his father, he
displayed higher gifts as an original writer.
His illegitimate son, Nikolaes Heinsius (b. 1655), was the author of The Delightful Adventures and Wonderful Life of Mirandor (1675), the single Dutch romance of the 17th century. He had to flee the country in 1677 for committing a murder in the streets of the Hague, and died in obscurity.
HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in herus
or erus, master of a house, Gr. χείρ, hand, Sans, harana,
hand), in law, technically one who succeeds, by descent, to an
estate of inheritance, in contradistinction to one who succeeds
to personal property, i.e. next of kin. The word is now used
generally to denote the person who is entitled by law to inherit
property, titles, &c., of another. The rules regulating the descent
of property to an heir will be found in the articles Inheritance,
Succession, &c.
An heir apparent (Lat. apparens, manifest) is he whose right of inheritance is indefeasible, provided he outlives the ancestor, e.g. an eldest or only son.
Heir by custom, or customary heir, he who inherits by a particular and local custom, as in borough-English, whereby
