to see his face no more. Henrietta Maria found a refuge in France. Richelieu was dead, and Anne of Austria was compassionate. As long as her husband was alive the queen never ceased to encourage him to resistance.
During her exile in France she had much to suffer. Her husband’s execution in 1649 was a terrible blow. She brought up her youngest child Henrietta in her own faith, but her efforts to induce her youngest son, the duke of Gloucester, to take the same course only produced discomfort in the exiled family. The story of her marriage with her attached servant Lord Jermyn needs more confirmation than it has yet received to be accepted, but all the information which has reached us of her relations with her children points to the estrangement which had grown up between them. When after the Restoration she returned to England, she found that she had no place in the new world. She received from parliament a grant of £30,000 a year in compensation for the loss of her dower-lands, and the king added a similar sum as a pension from himself. In January 1661 she returned to France to be present at the marriage of her daughter Henrietta to the duke of Orleans. In July 1662 she set out again for England, and took up her residence once more at Somerset House. Her health failed her, and on the 24th of June 1665, she departed in search of the clearer air of her native country. She died on the 31st of August 1666, at Colombes, not far from Paris.
See I. A. Taylor, The Life of Queen Henrietta Maria (1905).
HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrîch and Heimrîch; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirîh, i.e. “prince, or chief of the house,” from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rîh, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex “king”—“rich,” therefore “mighty,” and so “a ruler.” Compare Sans. rādsh “to shine forth, rule, &c.” and mod. raj “rule” and raja, “king”), the name of many European sovereigns, the more important of whom are noticed below in the following order: (1) emperors and German kings; (2) kings of England; (3) other kings in the alphabetical order of their states; (4) other reigning princes in the same order; (5) non-reigning princes; (6) bishops, nobles, chroniclers, &c.
HENRY I. (c. 876–936), surnamed the “Fowler,” German king,
son of Otto the Illustrious, duke of Saxony, grew to manhood
amid the disorders which witnessed to the decay of the Carolingian
empire, and in early life shared in various campaigns for the
defence of Saxony. He married Hatburg, a daughter of Irwin,
count of Merseburg, but as she had taken the veil on the death
of a former husband this union was declared illegal by the church,
and in 909 he married Matilda, daughter of a Saxon count named
Thiederich, and a reputed descendant of the hero Widukind.
On his father’s death in 912 he became duke of Saxony, which he
ruled with considerable success, defending it from the attacks
of the Slavs and resisting the claims of the German king Conrad I.
(see Saxony). He afterwards won the esteem of Conrad to such
an extent that in 918 the king advised the nobles to make the
Saxon duke his successor. After Conrad’s death the Franks
and the Saxons met at Fritzlar in May 919 and chose Henry as
German king, after which the new king refused to allow his election
to be sanctioned by the church. His authority, save in Saxony,
was merely nominal; but by negotiation rather than by warfare
he secured a recognition of his sovereignty from the Bavarians
and the Swabians. A struggle soon took place between Henry
and Charles III., the Simple, king of France, for the possession
of Lorraine. In 921 Charles recognized Henry as king of the East
Franks, and when in 923 the French king was taken prisoner
by Herbert, count of Vermandois, Lorraine came under Henry’s
authority, and Giselbert, who married his daughter Gerberga,
was recognized as duke. Turning his attention to the east, Henry
reduced various Slavonic tribes to subjection, took Brennibor,
the modern Brandenburg, from the Hevelli, and secured both
banks of the Elbe for Saxony. In 923 he had bought a truce for
ten years with the Hungarians, by a promise of tribute, but on
its expiration he gained a great victory over these formidable
foes in March 933. The Danes were defeated, and territory as far
as the Eider secured for Germany; and the king sought further
to extend his influence by entering into relations with the kings
of England, France and Burgundy. He is said to have been
contemplating a journey to Rome, when he died at Memleben on
the 2nd of July 936, and was buried at Quedlinburg. By his first
wife, Hatburg, he left a son, Thankmar, who was excluded from
the succession as illegitimate; and by Matilda he left three sons,
the eldest of whom, Otto (afterwards the emperor Otto the Great),
succeeded him, and two daughters. Henry was a successful
ruler, probably because he was careful to undertake only such
enterprises as he was able to carry through. Laying more stress
on his position as duke of Saxony than king of Germany, he
conferred great benefits on his duchy. The founder of her town
life and the creator of her army, he ruled in harmony with her
nobles and secured her frontiers from attack. The story that he
received the surname of “Fowler” because the nobles, sent to
inform him of his election to the throne, found him engaged in
laying snares for the birds, appears to be mythical.
See Widukind of Corvei, Res gestae Saxonicae, edited by G. Waitz in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Band iii. (Hanover and Berlin, 1826 seq.); “Die Urkunde des deutschen Königs Heinrichs I.,” edited by T. von Sickel in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Diplomata (Hanover, 1879); W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, Bände i., ii. (Leipzig, 1881); G. Waitz, Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter König Heinrich I. (Leipzig, 1885); and F. Löher, Die deutsche Politik König Heinrich I. (Munich, 1857).
HENRY II. (973–1024), surnamed the “Saint,” Roman
emperor, son of Henry II, the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria,
and Gisela, daughter of Conrad, king of Burgundy, or Arles
(d. 993), and great-grandson of the German king Henry I., the
Fowler, was born on the 6th of May 973. When his father was
driven from his duchy in 976 it was intended that Henry should
take holy orders, and he received the earlier part of a good
education at Hildesheim. This idea, however, was abandoned
when his father was restored to Bavaria in 985; but young
Henry, whose education was completed at Regensburg, retained
a lively interest in ecclesiastical affairs. He became duke of
Bavaria on his father’s death in 995, and appears to have
governed his duchy quietly and successfully for seven years.
He showed a special regard for monastic reform and church
government, accompanied his kinsman, the emperor Otto III.,
on two occasions to Italy, and about 1001 married Kunigunde
(d. 1037), daughter of Siegfried, count of Luxemburg. When
Otto III. died childless in 1002, Henry sought to secure the
German throne, and seizing the imperial insignia made an
arrangement with Otto I., duke of Carinthia. There was considerable
opposition to his claim; but one rival, Ekkard I.,
margrave of Meissen, was murdered, and, hurrying to Mainz,
Henry was chosen German king by the Franks and Bavarians
on the 7th of June 1002, and subsequently crowned by Willigis,
archbishop of Mainz, who had been largely instrumental in
securing his election. Having ravaged the lands of another rival,
Hermann II., duke of Swabia, Henry purchased the allegiance
of the Thuringians and the Saxons; and when shortly afterwards
the nobles of Lorraine did homage and Hermann of Swabia
submitted, he was generally recognized as king. Danger soon
arose from Boleslaus I., the Great, king of Poland, who had
extended his authority over Meissen and Lusatia, seized Bohemia,
and allied himself with some discontented German nobles,
including the king’s brother, Bruno, bishop of Augsburg. Henry
easily crushed his domestic foes; but the incipient war with
Boleslaus was abandoned in favour of an expedition into Italy,
where Arduin, margrave of Ivrea, had been elected king. Crossing
the Alps Henry met with no resistance from Arduin, and in
May 1004 he was chosen and crowned king of the Lombards
at Pavia; but a tumult caused by the presence of the Germans
soon arose in the city, and having received the homage of several
cities of Lombardy the king returned to Germany. He then
freed Bohemia from the rule of the Poles, led an expedition into
Friesland, and was successful in compelling Boleslaus to sue
for peace in 1005. A struggle with Baldwin IV., count of
Flanders, in 1006 and 1007 was followed by trouble with the
king’s brothers-in-law, Dietrich and Adalbero of Luxemburg,
who had seized respectively the bishopric of Metz and the
