president from its formation in 1893) contains, in its part for July
of the same year, notices of him by Lord James of Hereford, Lord
Davey, Mr Victor Williamson (his executor and intimate friend),
and also by Mr Justice D. J. Brewer and Senator C. W. Fairbanks
(both of the United States).
(M. H. C.)
HERSENT, LOUIS (1777–1860), French painter, was born at
Paris on the 10th of March 1777, and becoming a pupil of David,
obtained the Prix de Rome in 1797; in the Salon of 1802
appeared his “Metamorphosis of Narcissus,” and he continued to
exhibit with rare interruptions up to 1831. His most considerable
works under the empire were “Achilles parting from Briseis,” and
“Atala dying in the arms of Chactas” (both engraved in Landon’s
Annales du Musée); an “Incident of the life of Fénelon,” painted
in 1810, found a place at Malmaison, and “Passage of the Bridge
at Landshut,” which belongs to the same date, is now at Versailles.
Hersent’s typical works, however, belong to the period of the Restoration;
“Louis XVI. relieving the Afflicted” (Versailles) and
“Daphnis and Chloë” (engraved by Langier and by Gelée) were
both in the Salon of 1817; at that of 1819 the “Abdication of
Gustavus Vasa” brought to Hersent a medal of honour, but the
picture, purchased by the duke of Orleans, was destroyed at the
Palais Royal in 1848, and the engraving by Henriquel-Dupont is
now its sole record. “Ruth,” produced in 1822, became the
property of Louis XVIII., who from the moment that Hersent
rallied to the Restoration jealously patronized him, made him
officer of the legion of honour, and pressed his claims at the
Institute, where he replaced van Spaendonck. He continued in favour under Charles X., for whom was executed “Monks of Mount St Gotthard,” exhibited in 1824. In 1831 Hersent made his last appearance at the Salon with portraits of Louis Philippe, Marie-Amélie and the duke of Montpensier; that of the king though good, is not equal to the portrait of Spontini (Berlin), which is probably Hersent’s chef-d’œuvre. After this date Hersent ceased to exhibit at the yearly salons. Although in 1846 he sent an excellent likeness of Delphine Gay and one or two other works to the rooms of the Société d’Artistes, he could not be tempted from his usual reserve even by the international contest of 1855. He died on the 2nd of October 1860.
HERSFELD, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Hesse-Nassau, is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the
Geis and Haun with the Fulda, on the railway from Frankfort-on-Main
to Bebra, 24 m. N.N.E. of Fulda. Pop. (1905) 8688.
Some of the old fortifications of the town remain, but the ramparts
and ditches have been laid out as promenades. The principal
buildings are the Stadt Kirche, a beautiful Gothic building,
erected about 1320 and restored in 1899, with a fine tower and a
large bell; the old and interesting town hall (Rathaus) and the
ruins of the abbey church. This church was erected on the site of
the cathedral in the beginning of the 12th century; it was built
in the Byzantine style and was burnt down by the French in 1761.
Outside the town are the Frauenberg and the Johannesberg, on
both of which are monastic ruins. Among the public institutions
are a gymnasium and a military school. The town has important
manufactures of cloth, leather and machinery; it has also dye-works,
worsted mills and soap-boiling works.
Hersfeld owes its existence to the Benedictine abbey (see below). It became a town in the 12th century and in 1370 the burghers, having meanwhile shaken off the authority of the abbots, placed themselves under the protection of the landgraves of Hesse. It was taken and retaken during the Thirty Years’ War and later it suffered from the attacks of the French.
The Benedictine abbey of Hersfeld was founded by Lullus, afterwards archbishop of Mainz, about 769. It was richly endowed by Charlemagne and became an ecclesiastical principality in the 12th century, passing under the protection of the landgraves of Hesse in 1423. It was secularized in 1648, having been previously administered for some years by a member of the ruling family of Hesse. As a secular principality Hersfeld passed to Hesse, and with electoral Hesse was united with Prussia in 1866. In the middle ages the abbey was famous for its library.
See Vigelius, Denkwürdigkeiten von Hersfeld (Hersfeld, 1888); Demme, Nachrichten und Urkunden zur Chronik von Hersfeld (Hersfeld, 1891–1901), and P. Hafner, Die Reichsabtei Hersfeld bis zur Mitte des 13ten Jahrhunderts (Hersfeld, 1889).
HERSTAL, or Heristal, a town of Belgium, less than 2 m. N.
of Liége and practically one of its suburbs. The name is supposed
to be derived from Heerstelle, i.e. “Permanent Camp.” The
second Pippin was born here, and this mayor of the palace
acquired the control of the kingdom of the Franks. His grandson,
Pippin the Short, died at Herstal in A.D. 768, and it disputes
with Aix la Chapelle the honour of being the birthplace of
Charlemagne. It is now a very active centre of iron and steel
manufactures. The Belgian national small arms factory and
cannon foundry are fixed here. Pop. (1904) 20,114.
HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF. The English
earldom of Hertford was held by members of the powerful family of Clare from about 1138, when Gilbert de Clare was created earl of Hertford, to 1314 when another earl Gilbert was killed at Bannockburn. In 1537 Edward Seymour, viscount Beauchamp, a brother of Henry VIII.’s queen, Jane Seymour, was created earl of Hertford, being advanced ten years later to the dignity of duke of Somerset and becoming protector of England. His son Edward (c. 1540–1621) was styled earl of Hertford from 1547 until the protector’s attainder and death in January 1552, when the title was forfeited; in 1559, however, he was created earl of Hertford. In 1560 he was secretly married to Lady Catherine Grey (c. 1538–1568), daughter of Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk, and a descendant of Henry VII. Queen Elizabeth greatly disliked this union, and both husband and wife were imprisoned, while the validity of their marriage was questioned. Catherine died on the 27th of January 1568 and Hertford on the 6th of April 1621. Their son Edward, Lord Beauchamp (1561–1612), who inherited his mother’s title to the English throne, predeceased his father; and the latter was succeeded in the earldom by his grandson William Seymour (1588–1660), who was created marquess of Hertford in 1640 and was restored to his ancestor’s dukedom of Somerset in 1660. The title of marquess of Hertford became extinct when John, 4th duke of Somerset, died in 1675, and the earldom when Algernon, the 7th duke, died in February 1750.
In August 1750 Francis Seymour Conway, 2nd Baron Conway (1718–1794), who was a direct descendant of the protector Somerset, was created earl of Hertford; this nobleman was the son of Francis Seymour Conway (1679–1732), who had taken the name of Conway in addition to that of Seymour, and was the brother of Field-marshal Henry Seymour Conway. Hertford was ambassador to France from 1763 to 1765; was lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1765 and 1766; and lord chamberlain of the household from 1766 to 1782. Horace Walpole speaks of his “decorum and piety” and refers to him as a “perfect courtier,” but says that he had “too great propensity to heap emoluments on his children.” In 1793 he became earl of Yarmouth and marquess of Hertford, and he died on the 14th of June 1794. His son, Francis Ingram Seymour Conway (1743–1822), who was known during his father’s lifetime as Lord Beauchamp, took a prominent part in the debates of the House of Commons from 1766 until he succeeded to the marquessate in 1794. He was sent as ambassador to Berlin and Vienna in 1793 and from 1812 to 1821 he was lord chamberlain. His son Francis Charles, the 3rd marquess (1777–1842), was an intimate friend of the prince regent, afterwards George IV., and is the original of the “Marquis of Steyne” in Thackeray’s Vanity Fair and of “Lord Monmouth” in Disraeli’s Coningsby. The 4th marquess was his son, Richard (1800–1870), whose mother was the great heiress, Maria Emily Fagniani, and whose brother was Lord Henry Seymour (1805–1859), the founder of the Jockey Club at Paris. When Richard died unmarried in Paris in August 1870 his title passed to his kinsman, Francis Hugh George Seymour (1812–1884), a descendant of the 1st marquess, whose son, Hugh de Grey (b. 1843) became 6th marquess in 1884. The 4th marquess left his great wealth and his priceless collection of art treasures to Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890), his reputed half-brother, and Wallace’s widow, who died in 1897, bequeathed the collection to the British nation. It is now in Hertford House, formerly the London residence of the marquesses of Hertford.
