the satires. Many of the insinuations and insults contained in it are borrowed from Pulteney’s libel. The malicious caricature of Sporus does Hervey great injustice, and he is not much better treated by Horace Walpole, who in reporting his death in a letter (14th of August 1743) to Horace Mann, said he had outlived his last inch of character. Nevertheless his writings prove him to have been a man of real ability, condemned by Walpole’s tactics and distrust of able men to spend his life in court intrigue, the weapons of which, it must be owned, he used with the utmost adroitness. His wife Lady Hervey [Molly Lepell] (1700–1768), of whom an account is to be found in Lady Louisa Stuart’s Anecdotes, was a warm partisan of the Stuarts. She retained her wit and charm throughout her life, and has the distinction of being the recipient of English verses by Voltaire.
See Hervey’s Memoirs of the Court of George II., edited by J. W. Croker (1848); and an article by G. F. Russell Barker in the Dict. Nat. Biog. (vol. xxvi., 1891). Besides the Memoirs he wrote numerous political pamphlets, and some occasional verses.
HERVIEU, PAUL (1857– ), French dramatist and novelist,
was born at Neuilly (Seine) on the 2nd of November 1857. He
was called to the bar in 1877, and, after serving some time in the
office of the president of the council, he qualified for the diplomatic
service, but resigned on his nomination in 1881 to a secretaryship
in the French legation in Mexico. He contributed novels, tales
and essays to the chief Parisian papers and reviews, and published
a series of clever novels, including L’Inconnu (1887), Flirt (1890),
L’Exorcisée (1891), Peints par eux-mêmes (1893), an ironical study
written in the form of letters, and L’Armature (1895), dramatized
in 1905 by Eugène Brieux. But his most important work consists
of a series of plays: Les Paroles restent (Vaudeville, 17th of
November 1892); Les Tenailles (Théâtre Français, 28th of
September 1895); La Loi de l’homme (Théâtre Français, 15th of
February 1897); La Course du flambeau (Vaudeville, 17th of
April 1901); Point de lendemain (Odéon, 18th of October 1901), a
dramatic version of a story by Vivaut Denon; L’Énigme (Théâtre
Français, 5th of November 1901); Théroigne de Méricourt
(Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, 23rd of September 1902); Le Dédale
(Théâtre Français, 19th of December 1903), and Le Réveil (Théâtre
Français, 18th of December 1905). These plays are built upon a
severely logical method, the mechanism of which is sometimes so
evident as to destroy the necessary sense of illusion. The closing
words of La Course du flambeau—“Pour ma fille, j’ai tué ma mère”—are
an example of his selection of a plot representing an extreme
theory. The riddle in L’Éngime (staged at Wyndham’s Theatre,
London, March 1st 1902, as Caesar’s Wife) is, however, worked out
with great art, and Le Dédale, dealing with the obstacles to the
remarriage of a divorced woman, is reckoned among the masterpieces
of the modern French stage. He was elected to the
French Academy in 1900.
See A. Binet, in L’Année psychologique, vol. x. Hervieu’s Théâtre was published by Lemerre (3 vols., 1900–1904).
HERWARTH VON BITTENFELD, KARL EBERHARD (1796–1884),
Prussian general field-marshal, came of an aristocratic
family which had supplied many distinguished officers to the
Prussian army. He entered the Guard infantry in 1811, and
served through the War of Liberation (1813–15), distinguishing
himself at Lützen and Paris. During the years of peace he rose
slowly to high command. In the Berlin revolution of 1848
he was on duty at the royal palace as colonel of the 1st Guards.
Major-general in 1852, and lieutenant-general in 1856, he received
the grade of general of infantry and the command of the VIIth
(Westphalian) Army Corps in 1860. In the Danish War of 1864
he succeeded to the command of the Prussians when Prince
Frederick Charles became commander-in-chief of the Allies,
and it was under his leadership that the Prussians forced the
passage into Alsen on the 29th of June. In the war of 1866
Herwarth commanded the “Army of the Elbe” which overran
Saxony and invaded Bohemia by the valley of the Elbe and Iser.
His troops won the actions of Hühnerwasser and Münchengrätz,
and at Königgrätz formed the right wing of the Prussian army.
Herwarth himself directed the battle against the Austrian left
flank. In 1870 he was not employed in the field, but was in
charge of the scarcely less important business of organizing
and forwarding all the reserves and material required for the
armies in France. In 1871 his great services were recognized
by promotion to the rank of field-marshal. The rest of his life
was spent in retirement at Bonn, where he died in 1884. Since
1889 the 13th (1st Westphalian) Infantry has borne his name.
See G. F. M. Herwarth von Bittenfeld (Münster, 1896).
HERWEGH, GEORG (1817–1875), German political poet, was
born at Stuttgart on the 31st of May 1817, the son of a restaurant
keeper. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native city,
and in 1835 proceeded to the university of Tübingen as a theological
student, where, with a view to entering the ministry,
he entered the protestant theological seminary. But the strict
discipline was distasteful; he broke the rules and was expelled
in 1836. He next studied law, but having gained the interest
of August Lewald (1793–1871) by his literary ability, he returned
to Stuttgart, where Lewald obtained for him a journalistic post.
Called out for military service, he had hardly joined his regiment
when he committed an act of flagrant insubordination, and fled
to Switzerland to avoid punishment. Here he published his
Gedichte eines Lebendigen (1841), a volume of political poems,
which gave expression to the fervent aspirations of the German
youth of the day. The work immediately rendered him famous,
and although confiscated, it soon ran through several editions.
The idea of the book was a refutation of the opinions of
Prince Pückler-Muskau (q.v.) in his Briefe eines Verstorbenen. He
next proceeded to Paris and in 1842 returned to Germany,
visiting Jena, Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin—a journey which was
described as being a “veritable triumphal progress.” His
military insubordination appears to have been forgiven and
forgotten, for in Berlin King Frederick William IV. had him
introduced to him and used the memorable words: “ich liebe
eine gesinnungsvolle Opposition” (“I admire an opposition, when
dictated by principle.”) Herwegh next returned to Paris, where
he published in 1844 the second volume of his Gedichte eines
Lebendigen, which, like the first volume, was confiscated by the
German police. At the head of a revolutionary column of German
working men, recruited in Paris, Herwegh took an active part
in the South German rising in 1848; but his raw troops were
defeated on the 27th of April at Schopfheim in Baden and, after
a very feeble display of heroism, he just managed to escape to
Switzerland, where he lived for many years on the proceeds of his
literary productions. He was later (1866) permitted to return to
Germany, and died at Lichtenthal near Baden-Baden on the 7th
of April 1875. A monument was erected to his memory there
in 1904. Besides the above-mentioned works, Herwegh published
Einundzwanzig Bogen aus der Schweiz (1843), and translations
into German of A. de Lamartine’s works and of seven of
Shakespeare’s plays. Posthumously appeared Neue Gedichte
(1877).
Herwegh’s correspondence was published by his son Marcel in 1898. See also Johannes Scherr, Georg Herwegh; literarische und politische Blätter (1843); and the article by Franz Muncker in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie.
HERZBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of
Hanover, situated under the south-western declivity of the Harz,
on the Sieber, 25 m. N.W. from Nordhausen by the railway to
Osterode-Hildesheim. Pop. (1905) 3896. It contains an Evangelical
and a Roman Catholic church, and a botanical garden,
and has manufactures of cloth and cigars, and weaving and
dyeing works. The breeding of canaries is extensively carried on
here and in the district. On a hill to the south-west of the town
lies the castle of Herzberg, which in 1157 came into the possession
of Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, and afterwards was one of
the residences of a branch of the house of Brunswick.
HERZBERG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province
of Saxony, on the Schwarze Elster, 25 m. S. from Jüterbog
by the railway Berlin-Röderau-Dresden. It has a church
(Evangelical) dating from the 13th century and a medieval
town hall. Its industries include the founding and turning of
metal, agricultural machinery and boot-making. Pop. (1905)
4043.
HERZL, THEODOR (1860–1904), founder of modern political
Zionism (q.v.), was born in Budapest on the 2nd of May 1860,
