Galleons, which had never been taken so far, but he is also the traditional representative of the Dutch “sea dogs” of the 17th century.
See de Jonge, Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen; I. Duro, Armada espanola, iv.; der Aa, Biograph. Woordenboek der Nederlanden. (D. H.)
HEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729–1812), German classical
scholar and archaeologist, was born on the 25th of September
1729, at Chemnitz in Saxony. His father was a poor weaver,
and the expenses of his early education were paid by one of his
godfathers. In 1748 he entered the university of Leipzig,
where he was frequently in want of the necessaries of life. His
distress had almost amounted to despair, when he procured
the situation of tutor in the family of a French merchant in
Leipzig, which enabled him to continue his studies. After he
had completed his university course, he was for many years
in very straitened circumstances. An elegy written by him
in Latin on the death of a friend attracted the attention of
Count von Brühl, the prime minister, who expressed a desire
to see the author. Accordingly, in April 1752, Heyne journeyed
to Dresden, believing that his fortune was made. He was well
received, promised a secretaryship and a good salary, but nothing
came of it. Another period of want followed, and it was only
by persistent solicitation that Heyne was able to obtain the
post of under-clerk in the count’s library, with a salary of somewhat
less than twenty pounds sterling. He increased his scanty
pittance by translation; in addition to some French novels,
he rendered into German the Chaereas and Callirrhoe of Chariton,
the Greek romance writer. He published his first edition of
Tibullus in 1755, and in 1756 his Epictetus. In the latter year
the Seven Years’ War broke out, and Heyne was once more
in a state of destitution. In 1757 he was offered a tutorship
in the household of Frau Von Schönberg, where he met his future
wife. In January 1759 he accompanied his pupil to the university
of Wittenberg, from which he was driven in 1760 by the
Prussian cannon. The bombardment of Dresden (to which
city he had meanwhile returned) on the 18th of July 1760,
destroyed all his possessions, including an almost finished
edition of Lucian, based on a valuable codex of the Dresden
Library. In the summer of 1761, although still without any
fixed income, he married, and for some time he found it necessary
to devote himself to the duties of land-steward to the Baron
von Löben in Lusatia. At the end of 1762, however, he was
enabled to return to Dresden, where he was commissioned
by P. D. Lippert to prepare the Latin text of the third volume
of his Dactyliotheca (an account of a collection of gems). On
the death of Johann Matthias Gesner at Göttingen in 1761,
the vacant chair was refused first by Ernesti and then by Ruhnken,
who persuaded Münchhausen, the Hanoverian minister
and principal curator of the university, to bestow it on Heyne
(1763). His emoluments were gradually augmented, and his
growing celebrity brought him most advantageous offers from
other German governments, which he persistently refused.
After a long and useful career, he died on the 14th of July
1812. Unlike Gottfried Hermann, Heyne regarded the study
of grammar and language only as the means to an end, not as
the chief object of philology. But, although not a critical
scholar, he was the first to attempt a scientific treatment of
Greek mythology, and he gave an undoubted impulse to philological
studies.
Of Heyne’s numerous writings, the following may be mentioned. Editions, with copious commentaries, of Tibullus (ed. E. C. Wunderlich, 1817), Virgil (ed. G. P. Wagner, 1830–1841), Pindar (3rd ed. by G. H. Schäfer, 1817), Apollodorus, Bibliotheca Graeca (1803), Homer, Iliad (1802); Opuscula academica (1785–1812), containing more than a hundred academical dissertations, of which the most valuable are those relating to the colonies of Greece and the antiquities of Etruscan art and history. His Antiquarische Aufsätze (1778–1779) is a valuable collection of essays connected with the history of ancient art. His contributions to the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen are said to have been between 7000 and 8000 in number. See biography by A. H. Heeren (1813) which forms the basis of the interesting essay by Carlyle (Misc. Essays, ii.); H. Sauppe, Göttinger Professoren (1872); C. Bursian in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, xii.; J. E. Sandys, Hist. Class. Schol. iii. 36-44.
HEYSE, PAUL JOHANN LUDWIG (1830– ), German
novelist, dramatist and poet, was born at Berlin on the 15th
of March 1830, the son of the distinguished philologist Karl
Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse (1797–1855). After attending the
Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Berlin, he went, in 1849, to
Bonn University as a student of the Romance languages, and in
1852 took his doctor’s degree. He had already given proof
of great literary ability in the production in 1850 of Der Jungbrunnen,
Märchen eines fahrenden Schülers and of the tragedy
Francesca von Rimini, when after a year’s stay in Italy, he was
summoned, early in 1854, by King Maximilian II. to Munich,
where he subsequently lived. Here he turned his attention to
novel-writing. He published at Munich in 1855 four short stories
in one volume, one of which, at least, L’Arrabbiata, was a masterpiece
of its kind. These were the precursors of a series of similar
volumes, necessarily unequal at times, but on the whole constituting
such a mass of highly complex miniature fiction as
seldom before had proceeded from the pen of a single writer.
Heyse works in the spirit of a sculptor; he seizes upon some
picturesque incident or situation, and chisels and polishes until
all the effect which it is capable of producing has been extracted
from it. The success of the story usually depends upon the
theme, for the artist’s skill is generally much the same, and the
situation usually leaves a deeper impression than the characters.
Heyse is also the author of several novels on a larger scale,
all of which have gained success and provoked abundant discussion.
The more important are Kinder der Welt (1873),
Im Paradiese (1875)—the one dealing with the religious and
social problems of its time, the other with artist-life in Munich—Der
Roman der Stiftsdame (1888), and Merlin (1892), a novel
directed against the modern realistic movement of which Heyse
had been the leading opponent in Germany. He has also been
a prolific dramatist, but his plays are deficient in theatrical
qualities and are rarely seen on the stage. Among the best
of them are Die Sabinerinnen (1859); Hans Lange (1866),
Kolberg (1868), Die Weisheit Salomos (1886), and Maria von
Magdala (1903). There are masterly translations by him of
Leopardi, Giusti, and other Italian poets (Italienische Dichter
seit der Mitte des 18ten Jahrhundert) (4 vols., 1889–1890).
Heyse’s Gesammelte Werke appeared in 29 vols. (1897–1899); there is also a popular edition of his Romane (8 vols., 1902–1904) and Novellen (10 vols., 1904–1906). See his autobiography, Jugenderinnerungen und Bekenntnisse (1901); also O. Kraus, Paul Heyses Novellen und Romane (1888); E. Petzet, Paul Heyse als Dramatiker (1904), and the essays by T. Ziegler (in Studien und Studienköpfe, 1877), and G. Brandes (in Moderne Geister, 1887).
HEYSHAM, a seaport in the Lancaster parliamentary division
of Lancashire, England, on the south shore of Morecambe Bay,
served by the Midland railway. Pop. (1901) 3381. Under
powers obtained from parliament in 1896, the Midland Railway
Company constructed, and opened in 1904, a harbour, enclosed
by breakwaters, for the development of traffic with Belfast
and other Irish ports, a daily passenger-service of the first
class being established to Belfast. The harbour has a depth at
low tide of 17 ft., and extensive accommodation for live-stock
and goods of all kinds is provided. Heysham is in some favour
as a watering-place. The church of St Peter is mainly Norman,
and has fragments of even earlier date. Ruins of a very ancient
oratory stand near it. This was dedicated to St Patrick, and
is traditionally said to have been erected as a place of prayer
for those at sea.
HEYWOOD, JOHN (b. 1497), English dramatist and epigrammatist,
is generally said to have been a native of North Mimms,
near St Albans, Hertfordshire, though Bale says he was born in
London. A letter from a John Heywood, who may fairly be
identified with him, is dated from Malines in 1575, when he
called himself an old man of seventy-eight, which would fix his
birth in 1497. He was a chorister of the Chapel Royal, and is
said to have been educated at Broadgates Hall (Pembroke
College), Oxford. From 1521 onwards his name appears in the
king’s accounts as the recipient of an annuity of ten marks as
player of the virginals, and in 1538 he received forty shillings for
