disunion.” The cessation of the war brought increased popularity to the Democratic administration, and the Hartford Convention was vigorously attacked throughout the country.
Hartford was the birthplace of Noah Webster, who here published his Grammatical Institute of the English Language (1783–1785), and of Henry Barnard, John Fiske and Frederick Law Olmsted, and has been the home of Samuel P. Goodrich (Peter Parley), George D. Prentice, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Dudley Warner, Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) and Horace Bushnell. More than 100 periodicals have been established in Hartford, of which the oldest is the Hartford Courant (1764), the oldest newspaper in the United States. This paper was very influential in shaping public opinion in the years preceding the War of Independence; after the war it was successively Federalist, Whig and Republican. The Times (semi-weekly 1817; daily 1841) was one of the most powerful Democratic organs in the period before the middle of the 19th century, and had Gideon Wells for editor 1826–1836. The Congregationalist (afterwards published in Boston) and the Churchman (afterwards published in New York) were also founded at Hartford.
See Scaeva, Hartford in the Olden Times: Its First Thirty Years (Hartford, 1853), edited by W. M. B. Hartley; and J. H. Trumbull, Memorial History of Hartford County (Boston, 1886). For the Hartford Convention see History of the Hartford Convention (Boston, 1833), published by its secretary, Theodore Dwight; H. C. Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot (Boston, 1877); and Henry Adams, Documents Relating to New England Federalism (Boston, 1877).
HARTFORD CITY, a city and the county-seat of Blackford
county, Indiana, U.S.A., 62 m. N.E. of Indianapolis. Pop.
(1890) 2287; (1900) 5912 (572 foreign-born); (1910) 6187. The
city is served by the Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville, and
the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis railways, and the
Indiana Union Traction line (electric). There are oil and natural
gas wells in the vicinity, and the city has pulp and paper mills,
glass and tile works, and manufactories of woodenware, and
nitro-glycerine and powder. The municipality owns and operates
its water-works system. The first settlement in the vicinity was
made in 1832. Hartford City became the county-seat of Blackford
county when that county was erected in 1837; it was laid
out in 1839 and was first incorporated as a town in 1867.
HARTIG, GEORG LUDWIG (1764–1837), German agriculturist
and writer on forestry, was born at Gladenbach, near
Marburg, on the 2nd of September 1764. After obtaining a
practical knowledge of forestry at Harzburg, he studied from
1781 to 1783 at the university of Giessen. In 1786 he became
manager of forests to the prince of Solms-Braunfels at Hungen in
the Wetterau, where he founded a school for the teaching of
forestry. After obtaining in 1797 the appointment of inspector
of forests to the prince of Orange-Nassau, he continued his school
of forestry at Dillenburg, where the attendance thereat increased
considerably. On the dissolution of the principality by Napoleon
I. in 1805 he lost his position, but in 1806 he went as chief inspector
of forests to Stuttgart, whence in 1811 he was called to Berlin in
a like capacity. There he continued his school of forestry, and
succeeded in connecting it with the university of Berlin, where in
1830 he was appointed an honorary professor. He died at Berlin
on the 2nd of February 1837. His son Theodor (1805–1880), and
grandson Robert (1839–1901), were also distinguished for their
contributions to the study of forestry.
G. L. Hartig was the author of a number of valuable works: Lehrbuch für Jäger (Stuttgart, 1810); Lehrbuch für Förster (3 vols., Stuttgart, 1808); Kubiktabellen für geschnittene, beschlagene, und runde Hölzer (1815, 10th ed. Berlin, 1871); and Lexikon für Jäger und Jagdfreunde (1836, 2nd ed. Berlin, 1859–1861). Theodor Hartig and his son Robert also published numerous works dealing with forestry, one of the latter’s books being translated into English by W. Somerville and H. Marshall Ward as Diseases of Trees (1894).
HARTLEPOOL, a parliamentary borough of Durham, England,
embracing the municipal borough of Hartlepool or East Hartlepool
and the municipal and county borough of West Hartlepool.
Pop. (1901) of Hartlepool, 22,723; of West Hartlepool, 62,627.
The towns are on the coast of the North Sea separated by Hartlepool
Bay, with a harbour, and both have stations on branches of
the North Eastern railway, 247 m. N. by W. from London. The
surrounding country is bleak, and the coast is low. Caves occur
in the slight cliffs, and protection against the attacks of the waves
has been found necessary. The ancient market town of Hartlepool
lies on a peninsula which forms the termination of a south-eastward
sweep of the coast and embraces the bay. Its naturally
strong position was formerly fortified, and part of the walls,
serving as a promenade, remain. The parish church of St Hilda,
standing on an eminence above the sea, is late Norman and Early
English, with a massive tower, heavily buttressed. There is a
handsome borough hall in Italian style. West Hartlepool, a
wholly modern town, has several handsome modern churches,
municipal buildings, exchange, market hall, Athenaeum and
public library. The municipal area embraces the three townships
of Seaton Carew, a seaside resort with good bathing,
and golf links; Stranton, with its church of All Saints, of the
14th century, on a very early site; and Throston.
The two Hartlepools are officially considered as one port. The harbour, which embraces two tidal basins and six docks aggregating 8312 acres, in addition to timber docks of 57 acres, covers altogether 350 acres. There are five graving docks, admitting vessels of 550 ft. length and 10 to 21 ft. draught. The depth of water on the dock sills varies from 1712 ft. at neap tides to 25 ft. at spring tides. A breakwater three-quarters of a mile long protects the entrance to the harbour. An important trade is carried on in the export of coal, ships, machinery, iron and other metallic ores, woollens and cottons, and in the import of timber, sugar, iron and copper ores, and eggs. Timber makes up 59% of the imports, and coal and ships each about 30% of the exports. The principal industries are shipbuilding (iron), boiler and engineering works, iron and brass foundries, steam saw and planing mills, flour-mills, paper and paint factories, and soapworks.
The parliamentary borough (falling within the south-east county division) returns one member. The municipal borough of Hartlepool is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, and has an area of 972 acres. The municipal borough of West Hartlepool is under a mayor, 8 aldermen and 24 councillors, and has an area of 2684 acres.
Built on the horns of a sheltered bay, Hartlepool (Hertepull, Hertipol), grew up round the monastery founded there in 640, but was destroyed by the Danes in 800 and rebuilt by Ecgred, bishop of Lindisfarne. In 1173 Bishop Hugh de Puiset allowed French and Flemish troops to land at Hartlepool to aid the Scots. It is not mentioned in Boldon Book as, being part of the royal manor of Sadberg held at this time by the family of Bruce, it did not become the property of the see of Durham until the purchase of that manor in 1189. The bishops did not obtain possession until the reign of John, who during the interval in 1201 gave Hartlepool a charter granting the burgesses the same privileges that the burgesses of Newcastle enjoyed; in 1230 Bishop Richard Poor granted further liberties, including a gild merchant. Edward II. seized the borough as a possession of Robert Bruce, but he could control it very slightly owing to the bishop’s powers. In 1328 Edward III. granted the borough 100 marks towards the town-wall and Richard II. granted murage for seven years, the term being extended in 1400. In 1383 Bishop Fordham gave the burgesses licence to receive tolls within the borough for the maintenance of the walls, while Bishop Neville granted a commission for the construction of a pier or mole. In the 16th century Hartlepool was less prosperous; in 1523 the haven was said to be ruined, the fortifications decayed. An act of 1535 declared Hartlepool to be in Yorkshire, but in 1554 it was reinstated in the county of Durham. It fell into the hands of the northern earls in 1563, and a garrison was maintained there after the rebellion was crushed. In 1593 Elizabeth incorporated it, and gave the burgesses a town hall and court of pie powder. During the civil wars Hartlepool, which a few years before was said to be the only port town in the country, was taken by the Scots, who maintained a garrison there until 1647. As a borough of the Palatinate Hartlepool was not represented in parliament until the 19th century, though strong arguments in its favour were advanced in the Commons in 1614. The markets of
