in the course of which she was unwearied in the exercise of her gift of prophecy, she wielded for many years an increasing influence upon her contemporaries—an influence doubtless due to the fact that she was imbued with the most widely diffused feelings and beliefs, fears and hopes, of her time. Amongst her correspondents were Popes Anastasius IV. and Adrian IV., the emperors Conrad III. and Frederick I., and also the theologian Guibert of Gembloux, who submitted numerous questions in dogmatic theology for her determination. She died in 1179, but has never been canonized; her name, however, was received into the Roman martyrology in the 15th century, September 17th being the day fixed for her commemoration.
Her biography, which was written by two contemporaries, Godefridus and Theodoricus, was first printed at Cologne in 1566. Hildegard’s writings, besides the Scivias already mentioned and first printed in Paris in 1513, include the Liber divinorum operum, Explanatio regulae S. Benedicti, Physica and the Letters, &c., are contained in Migne, Patr. Lat. t. cxcvii., and in Cardinal Pitra’s Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parata; Nova S. Hildegardis opera (Paris, 1882).
For a modern study of the saint’s writings, see Sainte Hildegarde by Pal Franche, “Les Saints” series (Paris, 1903); and U. Chevalier, Répertoire des sources historiques, bio.-bibl. 2153.
HILDEN, a town in the Prussian Rhine province on the
Itter, 9 m. S.E. of Düsseldorf by rail. Pop. (1905) 13,946.
It possesses an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church and a
monument to the emperor William I. Its manufactures include
silks, velvets, carpets, calico-printing, machinery and brick-making.
HILDESHEIM, a town and episcopal see of Germany, in
the Prussian province of Hanover, beautifully situated at
the north foot of the Harz Mountains, on the right bank of
the Innerste, 18 m. S.E. of Hanover by railway, and on the
main line from Berlin, via Magdeburg to Cologne. Pop. (1885)
20,386, (1905) 47,060. The town consists of an old and a new
part, and is surrounded by ramparts which have been converted
into promenades. Its streets are for the most part narrow
and irregular, and contain many old houses with overhanging
upper storeys and richly and curiously adorned wooden façades.
Its religious edifices are five Roman Catholic and four Evangelical
churches and a synagogue. The most interesting is the Roman
Catholic cathedral, which dates from the middle of the 11th
century and occupies the site of a building founded by the
emperor Louis the Pious early in the 9th century. It is famous
for its antiquities and works of art. These include the bronze
doors executed by Bishop Bernward, with reliefs from the
history of Adam and of Jesus Christ; a brazen font of the
13th century; two large candelabra of the 11th century; the
sarcophagus of St Godehard; and the tomb of St Epiphanius.
In the cathedral also there is a bronze column 15 ft. high,
adorned with reliefs from the life of Christ and dating from 1022,
and another column, at one time thought to be an Irminsäule
erected in honour of the Saxon idol Irmin, but now regarded
as belonging to a Roman aqueduct. On the wall of the Romanesque
crypt, which was restored in 1896, is a rose-bush,
alleged to be a thousand years old; this sends its branches to
a height of 24 ft. and a breadth of 30 ft., and they are trained
to interlace one of the windows. Before the cathedral is the
pretty cloister garth, with the chapel of St Anne, erected in
1321 and restored in 1888. The Romanesque church of St
Godehard was built in the 12th century and restored in the
19th. The church of St Michael, founded by Bishop Bernward
early in the 11th century and restored after injury by fire in
1186, contains a unique painted ceiling of the 12th century,
the sarcophagus and monument of Bishop Bernward, and a
bronze font; it is now a Protestant parish church, but the
crypt is used by the Roman Catholics. The church of the
Magdalene possesses two candelabra, a gold cross, and various
other works in metal by Bishop Bernward; and the Lutheran
church of St Andrew has a choir dating from 1389 and a tower
385 ft. high. In the suburb of Moritzberg there is an abbey
church founded in 1040, the only pure columnar basilica in
north Germany.
The chief secular buildings are the town-hall (Rathaus), which dates from the 15th century and was restored in 1883–1892, adorned with frescoes illustrating the history of the city; the Tempelherrenhaus, in Late Gothic erroneously said to have been built by the Knights Templars; the Knochenhaueramthaus, formerly the gild-house of the butchers, which was restored after being damaged by fire in 1884, and is probably the finest specimen of a wooden building in Germany; the Michaelis monastery, used as a lunatic asylum; and the old Carthusian monastery. The Römer museum of antiquities and natural history is housed in the former church of St Martin; the buildings of Trinity hospital, partly dating from the 14th century, are now a factory; and the Wedekindhaus (1598) is now a savings-bank. The educational establishments include a Roman Catholic and a Lutheran gymnasium, a Roman Catholic school and college and two technical institutions, the Georgstift for daughters of state servants and a conservatoire of music. Hildesheim is the seat of considerable industry. Its chief productions are sugar, tobacco and cigars, stoves, machines, vehicles, agricultural implements and bricks. Other trades are brewing and tanning. It is connected with Hanover by an electric tram line, 19 m. in length.
Hildesheim owes its rise and prosperity to the fact that in 822 it was made the seat of the bishopric which Charlemagne had founded at Elze a few years before. Its importance was greatly increased by St Bernward, who was bishop from 993 to 1022 and walled the town. By his example and patronage the art of working in metals was greatly stimulated. In the 13th century Hildesheim became a free city of the Empire; in 1249 it received municipal rights and about the same time it joined the Hanseatic league. Several of its bishops belonged to one or other of the great families of Germany; and gradually they became practically independent. The citizens were frequently quarrelling with the bishops, who also carried on wars with neighbouring princes, especially with the house of Brunswick-Lüneburg, under whose protection Hildesheim placed itself several times. The most celebrated of these struggles is the one known as the Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde, which broke out early in the 16th century when John, duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, was bishop. At first the bishop and his allies were successful, but in 1521 the king of Denmark and the duke of Brunswick overran his lands and in 1523 he made peace, surrendering nearly all his possessions. Much, however, was restored when Ferdinand, prince of Bavaria, was bishop (1612–1650), as this warlike prelate took advantage of the disturbances caused by the Thirty Years’ War to seize the lost lands, and at the beginning of the 19th century the extent of the prince bishopric was 682 sq. m. In 1801 the bishopric was secularized and in 1803 was granted to Prussia; in 1807 it was incorporated with the kingdom of Westphalia and in 1813 was transferred to Hanover. In 1866, along with Hanover, it was annexed by Prussia. In 1803 a new bishopric of Hildesheim, a spiritual organization only, was established, and this has jurisdiction over all the Roman Catholic churches in the centre of north Germany.
In October 1868 a unique collection of ancient Augustan silver plate was discovered on the Galgenberg near Hildesheim by some soldiers who were throwing up earthworks. This Hildesheimer Silberfund excited great interest among classical archaeologists. Some authorities think that it is the actual plate which belonged to Drusus himself. The most noteworthy pieces are a crater richly ornamented with arabesques and figures of children, a platter with a representation of Minerva, another with one of the boy Hercules and another with one of Cybele. The collection is in the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin.
See the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Hildesheim, edited by R. Döbner (Hildesheim, 1881–1901); the Urkundenbuch des Hochstifts Hildesheim, edited by K. Janicke and H. Hoogeweg (Leipzig and Hanover, 1896–1903); C. Bauer, Geschichte von Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1892); A. Bertram, Geschichte des Bistums Hildesheim (Hildesheim, 1899 fol.); C. Euling, Hildesheimer Land und Leute des 16ten Jahrhunderts (Hildesheim, 1892); O. Fischer, Die Stadt Hildesheim während des dreissigjährigen Krieges (Hildesheim, 1897); A. Grebe, Auf Hildesheimschem Boden (Hildesheim, 1884); H. Cuno, Hildesheims Künstler im Mittelalter (Hildesheim, 1886);
