colour-prints. His family name was Andō Tokitarō; that under which he is known having been, in accordance with Japanese practice, adopted by him in recognition of the fact that he was a pupil of Toyohiro. The earliest reference to him is in the account given by an inhabitant of the Lu-chu islands of a visit to Japan; where a sketch of a procession drawn with great skill by Hiroshige at the age of ten years only is mentioned as one of the remarkable sights seen. At the age of fifteen he applied unsuccessfully to be admitted to the studio of the elder Toyokuni; but was eventually received by Toyohiro. On the death of the latter in 1828, he began to practise on his own account, but finding small encouragement at Yedo (Tōkyō) he removed to Kiōto, where he published a set of landscapes. He soon returned to Yedo, where his work soon became popular, and was imitated by other artists. He died in that city on the 6th day of the 9th month of the year, Ansei 5th, at the age of sixty-two, and was buried at Asakusa. One of his pupils, Hironobu, received from him the name of Hiroshige II. and another, Ando Tokubei, that of Hiroshige III. All three were closely associated with the work signed with the name of the master. Hiroshige II. some time after the year 1863 fell into disgrace and was compelled to leave Yedo for Nagasaki, where he died; Hiroshige III. then called himself Hiroshige II. He died in 1896. The earlier prints by these artists, whose work can hardly be separated, are of extraordinary merit. They applied the process of colour block printing to the purposes of depicting landscape, with a breadth, skill and suitability of convention that has been equalled only by Hokusai in Japan, and by no European. Most of their subjects were derived from the neighbourhood of Yedo, or were scenes on the old high road—the Tokaidō—that ran from that city to Kiōto. The two elder of the name were competent painters, and pictures and drawings by them are occasionally to be met with.
See E. F. Strange, “Japanese Colour-prints” (Victoria and Albert Museum Handbook, 1904). (E. F. S.)
HIROSHIMA, a city and seaport of Japan, capital of the
government of its name in central Nippon. Pop. (1903) 113,545.
It is very beautifully situated on a small plain surrounded by
hills, the bay being studded with islands. In its general aspect it
resembles Osaka, from which it is 190 m. W. by rail, and next to
that place and Hiogo it is the most important commercial centre
on the Inland Sea. The government has an area of about 3000
sq. m., with a population of about 1,500,000. Hiroshima is
famous all over Japan owing to its association with the neighbouring
islet of Itaku-Shima, “Island of Light,” which is dedicated
to the goddess Bentin and regarded as one of the three wonders
of Japan. The chief temple dates from the year 587, and the
island, which is inhabited largely by priests and their attendants,
is annually visited by thousands of pilgrims. But the hallowed
soil is never tilled, so that all provisions have to be brought from
the surrounding districts.
HIRPINI (from an Oscan or Sabine stem hirpo-, “wolf”), an
inland Samnite tribe in the south of Italy, whose territory was
bounded by that of the Lucani on the S., the Campani on the
S.W., the Appuli (Apuli) and Frentani on the E. and N.E. On
the N. we find them, politically speaking, identified with the
Pentri and Caracēni, and with them constituting the Samnite
alliance in the wars of the 4th century B.C. (see Samnites).
The Roman policy of separation cut them off from these allies by
the foundation of Beneventum in 268 B.C., and henceforward they
are a separate unit; they joined Hannibal in 216 B.C., and retained
their independence until, after joining in the Social war,
which in their part of Italy can hardly be said to have ceased till
the final defeat of the Samnites by Sulla in 83 B.C., they received
the Roman franchise. Of their Oscan speech, besides the
evidence of their place-names, only a few fragments survive
(R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, pp. 170 ff.; and for hirpo-,
ib. p. 200). In the ethnology of Italy the Hirpini appear from
one point of view as the purest type of Safine stock, namely, that
in which the proportion of ethnica formed with the suffix -no- is
highest, thirty-three out of thirty-six tribal or municipal
epithets being formed thereby (e.g. Caudini, Compsani) and only
one with the suffix -ti- (Abellinates), where it is clearly secondary.
On the significance of this see Sabini. (R. S. C.)
HIRSAU (formerly Hirschau), a village of Germany, in the
kingdom of Württemberg, on the Nagold and the Pforzheim-Horb
railway, 2 m. N. of Calw. Pop. 800. Hirsau has some
small manufactures, but it owes its origin and historical interest
to its former Benedictine monastery, Monasterium Hirsaugiense,
at one period one of the most famous in Europe. Its picturesque
ruins, of which only the chapel with the library hall are still in
good preservation, testify to the pristine grandeur of the establishment.
It was founded about 830 by Count Erlafried of Calw, at
the instigation of his son, Bishop Notting of Vercelli, who enriched
it with, among other treasures, the body of St Aurelius.
Its first occupants (838) were a colony of fifteen monks from
Fulda, disciples of Hrabanus Maurus and Walafrid Strabo,
headed by the abbot Liudebert. During about a century and a
half, under the fostering care of the counts of Calw, it enjoyed
great prosperity, and became an important seat of learning; but
towards the end of the 10th century the ravages of the pestilence
combined with the rapacity of its patrons, and the selfishness
and immorality of its inmates, to bring it to the lowest ebb.
After it had been desolate and in ruins for upwards of sixty years
it was rebuilt in 1059, and under Abbot William—Wilhelm von
Hirsau—abbot from 1069 to 1091, it more than regained its
former splendour. By his Constitutiones Hirsaugienses, a new
religious order, the Ordo Hirsaugiensis, was formed, the rule of
which was afterwards adopted by many monastic establishments
throughout Germany, such as those of Blaubeuren, Erfurt and
Schaffhausen. The friend and correspondent of Pope Gregory
VII., and of Anselm of Canterbury, Abbot William took active
part in the politico-ecclesiastical controversies of his time;
while a treatise from his pen, De musica et tonis, as well as the
Philosophicarum et astronomicarum institutionum libri iii., bears
witness to his interest in science and philosophy. About the end
of the 12th century the material and moral welfare of Hirsau
was again very perceptibly on the decline; and it never afterwards
again rose into importance. In consequence of the
Reformation it was secularized in 1558; in 1692 it was laid in
ruins by the French. The Chronicon Hirsaugiense, or, as in the
later edition it is called, Annales Hirsaugienses of Abbot Trithemius
(Basel, 1559; St Gall, 1690), is, although containing much
that is merely legendary, an important source of information,
not only on the affairs of this monastery, but also on the early
history of Germany. The Codex Hirsaugiensis was edited by
A. F. Gfrörer and printed at Stuttgart in 1843.
See Steck, Das Kloster Hirschau (1844); Helmsdörfer, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Abts Wilhelm von Hirschau (Göttingen, 1874); Weizsäcker, Führer durch die Geschichte des Klosters Hirschau (Stuttgart, 1898); Süssmann, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Klosters Hirschau (Halle, 1903); Giseke, Die Hirschauer während des Investiturstreits (Gotha, 1883); C. H. Klaiber, Das Kloster Hirschau (Tübingen, 1886); and Baer, Die Hirsauer Bauschule (Freiburg, 1897).
HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, Baron Hirsch auf Gereuth, in the
baronage of Bavaria (1831–1896), capitalist and philanthropist
(German by birth, Austro-Hungarian by domicile), was born at
Munich, 9th December 1831. His grandfather, the first Jewish
landowner in Bavaria, was ennobled with the prädikat “auf
Gereuth” in 1818; his father, who was banker to the Bavarian
king, was created a baron in 1869. The family for generations has
occupied a prominent position in the German Jewish community.
At the age of thirteen young Hirsch was sent to Brussels to school,
but when seventeen years old he went into business. In 1855
he became associated with the banking house of Bischoffsheim
& Goldschmidt, of Brussels, London and Paris. He amassed a
large fortune, which he increased by purchasing and working
railway concessions in Austria, Turkey and the Balkans, and by
speculations in sugar and copper. While living in great splendour
in Paris and London and on his estates in Hungary, he devoted
much of his time to schemes for the relief of his Hebrew co-religionists
in lands where they were persecuted and oppressed.
He took a deep interest in the educational work of the Alliance
Israélite Universelle, and on two occasions presented the society
