of its superior fire discipline, failed for some time to master the defence, and suffered heavily from the eight close-range volleys they received, one or two regiments losing 40 and 50% of their strength. The Austrians, however, suffered still more; feeling themselves isolated in the midst of the victorious enemy, they began to waver, and at the psychological moment Gessler and the Bayreuth dragoons charged into their ranks and “broke the equilibrium.” These 1500 sabres scattered twenty battalions of the enemy and brought in 2500 prisoners and 66 Austrian colours, and in this astounding charge they themselves lost no more than 94 men. By nine o’clock the battle was over, and the wrecks of the Austro-Saxon army were retreating to the mountains. The Prussians, who had been marching all night, were too far spent to pursue.
The loss of the allies was in all 15,224, 7985 killed and wounded, and 7239 prisoners, as well as 72 guns and 83 standards and colours. The Prussians lost 4666 killed and wounded, 71 missing.
HOHENHEIM, a village of Germany, in the kingdom of Württemberg, 7 m. S. of Stuttgart by rail. Pop. 300. It came in 1768 from the counts of Hohenheim to the dukes of Württemberg, and in 1785 Duke Karl Eugen built a country house here.
This house with grounds is now the seat of the most important
agricultural college in Germany; it was founded in 1817, was
raised to the position of a high school in 1865, and now ranks
as a technical high school with university status.
See Fröhlich, Das Schloss und die Akademie Hohenheim (Stuttgart, 1870).
HOHENLIMBURG, a town of Germany, on the Lenne, in
the Prussian prov. of Westphalia, 30 m. by rail S.E. of Dortmund.
Pop. (1905) 12,790. It has two Evangelical churches, a Roman
Catholic church and a synagogue. The town is the seat of various
iron and metal industries, while dyeing, cloth-making and linen-weaving
are also carried on here. It is the chief town of the
county of Limburg, and formerly belonged to the counts of
Limburg, a family which became extinct in 1508. Later it
passed to the counts of Bentheim-Tecklenburg. The castle of
Hohenlimburg, which overlooks the town, is now the residence
of Prince Adolf of Bentheim-Tecklenburg.
HOHENLOHE, a German princely family which took its name from the district of Hohenlohe in Franconia. At first a countship,
its two branches were raised to the rank of principalities
of the Empire in 1744 and 1764 respectively; in 1806 they
lost their independence and their lands now form part of the
kingdoms of Bavaria and of Württemberg. At the time of
the mediatization the area of Hohenlohe was 680 sq. m. and its
estimated population was 108,000. The family is first mentioned
in the 12th century as possessing the castle of Hohenloch, or
Hohenlohe, near Uffenheim, and its influence was soon perceptible
in several of the Franconian valleys, including those of the
Kocher, the Jagst and the Tauber. Henry I. (d. 1183) was the
first to take the title of count of Hohenlohe, and in 1230 his
grandsons, Gottfried and Conrad, supporters of the emperor
Frederick II., founded the lines of Hohenlohe—Hohenlohe and
Hohenlohe-Brauneck, names taken from their respective castles.
The latter became extinct in 1390, its lands passing later to
Brandenburg, while the former was divided into several branches,
only two of which, however, Hohenlohe-Weikersheim and
Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld, need be mentioned here.
Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, descended from Count Kraft I.
(d. 1313), also underwent several divisions, that which took
place after the deaths of Counts Albert and George in 1551
being specially important. At this time the lines of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein
and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg were founded by the
sons of Count George. Meanwhile, in 1412, the family of
Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld had become extinct, and its
lands had passed through the marriages of its heiresses into
other families.
The existing branches of the Hohenlohe family are descended from the lines of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, established in 1551. The former of these became Protestant, while the latter remained Catholic. Of the family of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, which underwent several partitions and inherited Gleichen in 1631, the senior line became extinct in 1805, while in 1701 the junior line divided itself into three branches, those of Langenburg, Ingelfingen and Kirchberg. Kirchberg died out in 1861, but members of the families of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen are still alive, the latter being represented by the branches of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Hohenlohe-Öhringen. The Roman Catholic family of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg was soon divided into three branches, but two of these had died out by 1729. The surviving branch, that of Schillingsfürst, was divided into the lines of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Hohenlohe-Bartenstein; other divisions followed, and the four existing lines of this branch of the family are those of Waldenburg, Schillingsfürst, Jagstberg and Bartenstein. The family of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst possesses the duchies of Ratibor and of Corbie inherited in 1824.
The principal members of the family are dealt with below.
I. Friedrich Ludwig, prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1746–1818), Prussian general, was the eldest son of Prince Johann Friedrich (d. 1796) of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, and began his military career as a boy, serving against the Prussians in the last years of the Seven Years’ War. Entering the Prussian army after the peace (1768), he was on account of his rank at once made major, and in 1775 he became lieutenant-colonel; in 1778 he took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession and about the same time was made a colonel. Shortly before the death of Frederick the Great he was promoted to the rank of major-general and appointed chief of a regiment. For some years the prince did garrison duty at Breslau, until in 1791 he was made governor of Berlin. In 1794 he commanded a corps in the Prussian army on the Rhine and distinguished himself greatly in many engagements, particularly in the battle of Kaiserslautern on the 20th of September. He was at this time the most popular soldier in the Prussian army. Blücher wrote of him that “he was a leader of whom the Prussian army might well be proud.” He succeeded his father in the principality, and acquired additional lands by his marriage with a daughter of Count von Hoym. In 1806 Hohenlohe, now a general of infantry, was appointed to command the left-wing army of the Prussian forces opposing Napoleon, having under him Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia; but, feeling that his career had been that of a prince and not that of a scientific soldier, he allowed his quartermaster-general Massenbach to influence him unduly. Disputes soon broke out between Hohenlohe and the commander-in-chief, the duke of Brunswick, the armies marched hither and thither without effective results, and finally Hohenlohe’s army was almost destroyed by Napoleon at Jena (see Napoleonic Campaigns). The prince displayed his usual personal bravery in the battle, and managed to rally a portion of his corps near Erfurt, whence he retired into Prussia. But the pursuers followed him up closely, and, still acting under Massenbach’s advice, he surrendered the remnant of his army at Prenzlau on the 28th of October, a fortnight after Jena and three weeks after the beginning of hostilities. Hohenlohe’s former popularity and influence in the army had now the worst possible effect, for the commandants of garrisons everywhere lost heart and followed his example. After two years spent as a prisoner of war in France Hohenlohe retired to his estates, living in self-imposed obscurity until his death on the 15th of February 1818. He had, in August 1806, just before the outbreak of the French War, resigned the principality to his eldest son, not being willing to become a “mediatized” ruler under Württemberg suzerainty.
II. Ludwig Aloysius, prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (1765–1829), marshal and peer of France, was born on the 18th of August 1765. In 1784 he entered the service of the Palatinate, which he quitted in 1792 in order to take the command of a regiment raised by his father for the service of the emigrant princes of France. He greatly distinguished himself under Condé in the campaigns of 1792–1793, especially at the storming of the lines of Weissenburg. Subsequently he entered the service of Holland, and, when almost surrounded by the army of General Pichegru, conducted a masterly retreat from the island of Bommel. From 1794 to 1799 he served as
