the spiritual life of the northern Lutheran Church. His views were of a pietistic nature. Though he cannot be said to have rejected any article of the Lutheran creed, the peculiar emphasis which he laid upon the evangelical doctrines of faith and grace involved considerable antagonism to the rationalistic or sacerdotal views commonly held by the established clergy.
Hauge’s principal writings are Forsög til Afhandeling om Guds Visdom (1796); Anvisning til nogle mörkelige Sprog i Bibelen (1798); Forklaring over Loven og Evangelium (1803). For an account of his life and doctrines see C. Bang’s Hans Nielsen Hauge og hans Samtid (Christiania; 2nd ed., 1875); O. Rost, Nogle Bemaerkninger om Hans Nielsen Hauge og hans Retning (1883), and the article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie.
HAUGESUND, a seaport of Norway in Stavanger amt (county),
on the west coast, 34 m. N. by W. of Stavanger. Pop. (1900),
7935. It is an important fishing centre. Herrings are exported
to the annual value of £100,000 to £200,000, also mackerel and
lobsters. The principal imports are coal and salt. There are
factories for woollen goods and a margarine factory. Haugesund
is the reputed death-place of Harald Haarfager, to whom an
obelisk of red granite was erected in 1872 on the thousandth
anniversary of his victory at the Hafsfjord (near Stavanger)
whereby he won the sovereignty of Norway. The memorial
stands 114 m. north of the town, on the Haraldshaug, where the
hero’s supposed tombstone is shown.
HAUGHTON, SAMUEL (1821–1897), Irish scientific writer,
the son of James Haughton (1795–1873), was born at Carlow
on the 21st of December 1821. His father, the son of a Quaker,
but himself a Unitarian, was an active philanthropist, a strong
supporter of Father Theobald Mathew, a vegetarian, and an
anti-slavery worker and writer. After a distinguished career
in Trinity College, Dublin, Samuel was elected a fellow in 1844.
He was ordained priest in 1847, but seldom preached. In 1851
he was appointed professor of geology in Trinity College, and
this post he held for thirty years. He began the study of
medicine in 1859, and in 1862 took the degree of M.D. in the
university of Dublin. He was then made registrar of the
Medical School, the status of which he did much to improve,
and he represented the university on the General Medical
Council from 1878 to 1896. He was elected F.R.S. in 1858, and
in course of time Oxford conferred upon him the hon. degree
of D.C.L., and Cambridge and Edinburgh that of LL.D. He
was a man of remarkable knowledge and ability, and he
communicated papers on widely different subjects to various
learned societies and scientific journals in London and Dublin.
He wrote on the laws of equilibrium and motion of solid and
fluid bodies (1846), on sun-heat, terrestrial radiation, geological
climates and on tides. He wrote also on the granites of Leinster
and Donegal, and on the cleavage and joint-planes in the Old
Red Sandstone of Waterford (1857–1858). He was president of
the Royal Irish Academy from 1886 to 1891, and for twenty
years he was secretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
He died in Dublin on the 31st of October 1897.
Publications.—Manual of Geology (1865); Principles of Animal Mechanics (1873); Six Lectures on Physical Geography (1880). In conjunction with his friend, Professor J. Galbraith, he issued a series of Manuals of Mathematical and Physical Science.
HAUGHTON, WILLIAM (fl. 1598), English playwright. He
collaborated in many plays with Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker,
John Day and Richard Hathway. The only certain biographical
information about him is derived from Philip Henslowe, who on
the 10th of March 1600 lent him ten shillings “to release him
out of the Clink.” Mr Fleay credits him with a considerable
share in The Patient Grissill (1599), and a merry comedy entitled
English-Men for my Money, or A Woman will have her Will
(1598) is ascribed to his sole authorship. The Devil and his
Dame, mentioned as a forthcoming play by Henslowe in March
1600, is identified by Mr Fleay as Grim, the Collier of Croydon,
which was printed in 1662. In this play an emissary is sent
from the infernal regions to report on the conditions of married
life on earth.
Grim is reprinted in vol. viii., and English-Men for my Money in vol. x., of W. C. Hazlitt’s edition of Dodsley’s Old Plays.
HAUGWITZ, CHRISTIAN AUGUST HEINRICH KURT,
Count von, Freiherr von Krappitz (1752–1831), Prussian
statesman, was born on the 11th of June 1752, at Peucke near
Öls. He belonged to the Silesian (Protestant) branch of the
ancient family of Haugwitz, of which the Catholic branch is
established in Moravia. He studied law, spent some time in
Italy, returned to settle on his estates in Silesia, and in 1791 was
elected by the Silesian estates general director of the province.
At the urgent instance of King Frederick William II. he entered
the Prussian service, became ambassador at Vienna in 1792
and at the end of the same year a member of the cabinet at
Berlin.
Haugwitz, who had attended the young emperor Francis II. at his coronation and been present at the conferences held at Mainz to consider the attitude of the German powers towards the Revolution, was opposed to the exaggerated attitude of the French émigrés and to any interference in the internal affairs of France. After the war broke out, however, the defiant temper of the Committee of Public Safety made an honourable peace impossible, while the strained relations between Austria and Prussia on the question of territorial “compensations” crippled the power of the Allies to carry the war to a successful conclusion. It was in these circumstances that Haugwitz entered on the negotiations that resulted in the subsidy treaty between Great Britain and Prussia, and Great Britain and Holland, signed at the Hague on the 19th of April 1794. Haugwitz, however, was not the man to direct a strong and aggressive policy; the failure of Prussia to make any effective use of the money supplied broke the patience of Pitt, and in October the denunciation by Great Britain of the Hague treaty broke the last tie that bound Prussia to the Coalition. The separate treaty with France, signed at Basel on the 5th of April 1795, was mainly due to the influence of Haugwitz.
His object was now to save the provinces on the left bank of the Rhine from being lost to the Empire. No guarantee of their maintenance had been inserted in the Basel treaty; but Haugwitz and the king hoped to preserve them by establishing the armed neutrality of North Germany and securing its recognition by the French Republic. This policy was rendered futile by the victories of Napoleon Bonaparte and the virtual conquest of South Germany by the French. Haugwitz, who had continued to enjoy the confidence of the new king, Frederick William III., recognized this fact, and urged his master to join the new Coalition in 1798. But the king clung blindly to the illusion of neutrality, and Haugwitz allowed himself to be made the instrument of a policy of which he increasingly disapproved. It was not till 1803, when the king refused his urgent advice to demand the evacuation of Hanover by the French, that he tendered his resignation. In August 1804 he was definitely replaced by Hardenberg, and retired to his estates.
In his retirement Haugwitz was still consulted, and he used all his influence against Hardenberg’s policy of a rapprochement with France. His representations had little weight, however, until Napoleon’s high-handed action in violating Prussian territory by marching troops through Ansbach, roused the anger of the king. Haugwitz was now once more appointed foreign minister, as Hardenberg’s colleague, and it was he who was charged to carry to Napoleon the Prussian ultimatum which was the outcome of the visit of the tsar Alexander I. to Berlin in November. But in this crisis his courage failed him; his nature was one that ever let “I dare not wait upon I will”; he delayed his journey pending some turn in events and to give time for the mobilization of the duke of Brunswick’s army; he was frightened by reports of separate negotiations between Austria and Napoleon, not realizing that a bold declaration by Prussia would nip them in the bud. Napoleon, when at last they met, read him like a book and humoured his diplomatic weakness until the whole issue was decided at Austerlitz. On the 15th of December, instead of delivering an ultimatum, Haugwitz signed at Schönbrunn the treaty which gave Hanover to Prussia in return for Ansbach, Cleves and Neuchâtel.
The humiliation of Prussia and her minister was, however,
