sectional view with satisfactory clearness, as the threads are so very
rank, but fig. 3 gives some idea of the structure of the fabric. This
view shows ninety-nine threads and one complete round of weft;
this round is, of course, equal to two picks or shots—one pick for
the top part of the cloth and one for the bottom part. A comparison
of this figure with fig. 2 will,
perhaps, make the description clearer.
The weft in fig. 3 is thinner than the
warp, but, in practice, it is always
much thicker, and may consist of
from two to seventy threads twisted
together.
Hose-pipes are also woven with the three-leaf twill on both sides, and occasionally with the four-leaf twill. These pipes, woven with the twill weaves, are usually lined with a pure rubber tube which is fixed to the inside of the cloth by another layer of rubber after the cloth leaves the loom. Such pipes have usually, but not invariably, a smoother inner surface than those which are unlined, hence, when they are used, less friction is presented to the flow of water, and there is less tendency for the pipe to leak. They are, therefore, suitable for hotels, public buildings and similar places where their temporary use will not result in undue damage to articles of furniture, carpets and general decoration.
The greatest care must be observed in the weaving of these fabrics, the slightest flaw in the structure rendering the article practically useless. After the cloth has been woven, it is carefully examined, and then steeped in a chemical solution which acts as an antiseptic. The cloth is thus effectively preserved from mildew, and is, in addition, made more pliable. Finally the hose-pipe is dried artificially, and then fitted with the necessary couplings and nozzles.
For a more detailed description of circular weaving see Woodhouse and Milne, Textile Design: Pure and Applied. (T. Wo.)
HOSHANGABAD, a town and district of British India, in
the Nerbudda division of the Central Provinces. The town
stands on the left bank of the Nerbudda, 1009 ft. above the sea,
and has a railway station. Pop. (1901), 14,940. It is supposed
to have been founded by Hoshang Shah, the second of the Ghori
kings of Malwa, in the 15th century; but it remained an insignificant
place till the Bhopal conquest about 1720, when a
massive stone fort was constructed, with its base on the river,
commanding the Bhopal road. It sustained several sieges during
the 18th century, and passed alternately into the hands of the
Bhopal and Nagpur rulers. Since 1818 it has been the residence
of the chief British officials in charge of the district. It has a
government high school, and agricultural school and a brass-working
industry.
The District of Hoshangabad has an area of 3676 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 449,165, showing a decrease of 10% in the decade, due to famine. It may be described as a valley of varying breadth, extending for 150 m. between the Nerbudda river and the Satpura mountains. The soil consists chiefly of black basaltic alluvium, often more than 20 ft. deep; but along the banks of the Nerbudda the fertility of the land compensates for the tameness of the scenery. Towards the west, low stony hills and broken ridges cut up the level ground, while the Vindhyas and the Satpuras throw out jutting spurs and ranges. In this wilder country considerable regions are covered with jungle. On the south the lofty range which shuts in the valley is remarkable in mountain scenery, surpassing in its picturesque irregularity the Vindhyan chain in the north. Many streams take their rise amid its precipices, then, winding through deep glens, flow across the plain between sandy banks covered with low jungle till they swell the waters of the Nerbudda. None is of any importance except the Tawa, which is interesting to the geologist on account of the many minerals to be found along its course. The boundary rivers, the Nerbudda and Tapti, are the only considerable waters in Hoshangabad. The principal crops are wheat, millets and oil-seeds. The district is traversed throughout its length by the Great Indian Peninsula railway.
HOSHEA (Heb. for “deliverance”), the last king of Israel,
in the Bible. The attempt of his predecessor Pekah to take
Jerusalem with the help of his ally Rasun (Rezin) of Damascus
was frustrated by the intervention of Tiglath-Pileser IV.
(see Ahaz), who attacked Gilead, Galilee and the north frontier,
and carried off some of its population (cp. 1 Chron. v. 26).
Pekah’s resistance to Assyria led to a conspiracy in which
he lost his life, and Hoshea the son of Elah became king
(2 Kings xv. 27-30). The Assyrian king held him as his vassal
(and indeed claims to have set him on the throne), and exacted
from him a yearly tribute. Meanwhile, Damascus was besieged
(733–732 B.C.), Raṣun was slain and the inhabitants deported
(2 Kings xvi. 9; LXX. omits “to Kir,” but see Amos i. 5).
The impending fate of Damascus is illustrated by Isaiah (vii. 16,
viii. 4, xvii. 1-11), who also gives a vivid description of the
impression left by the Assyrian army (v. 26-30). After the
death of Tiglath-Pileser, Israel regained confidence (Isa. ix. 8-x. 4)
and took steps to recover its independence. Its policy vacillated—“like
a silly dove” (Hos. vii. 11), and at length negotiations
were opened with Mizraim. The annual payment of tribute
ceased and Shalmaneser IV. (who began to reign in 727 B.C.)
at once laid siege to Samaria, which fell at the end of three years
(722–721 B.C.). The achievement is claimed by his successor
Sargon. Hoshea was killed, the land was again partly depopulated
and a governor appointed (2 Kings xviii. 9-12; cp. xvii.
1 sqq.). For other allusions to this period see Hosea, Isaiah.
2 Kings xvii. 3 and 5 imply two attacks by Shalmaneser: in the first of which Hoshea was imprisoned and perhaps blinded (Cheyne, emending, “shut him up” in v. 4), although in v. 6 he is still reigning; see on this Winckler, Keilinschr. u. Alte Test.3 p. 268; Burney, Kings, p. 328 seq.; Skinner, Kings, p. 372 seq. The chronological notes, moreover, are extremely confused; contrast xv. 30 with xvii. 1. The usual identification of So (or Seve), king of Mizraim, with Shabaka of Egypt is difficult, partly on chronological grounds (which Petrie, History of Egypt, pp. 277, 281 sqq. does not remove), and partly because the Ethiopian dominion in Egypt appears to be still weak and divided. The Assyrian records name a certain Sibi as officer, and also Piru (Pharaoh!) as king of Musri, and it is doubtful whether Hoshea’s ally was a petty prince of Egypt or of a N. Arabian district (see Mizraim). If the latter, Hoshea’s policy becomes more intelligible; see Whitehouse, Isaiah, p. 17 seq.; Jews: History; Philistines. On the depopulation of Samaria and the introduction of colonists, see Winckler’s objections, Alttest. Untersuch. pp. 95-107, with Burney’s criticisms, Kings, p. 334 seq. (S. A. C.)
HOSHIARPUR, a town of British India, in the Jullundur
division of the Punjab. Pop. (1901), 17,549. It was founded,
according to tradition, about the early part of the 14th century.
In 1809 it was occupied by Ranjit Singh. The maharaja and
his successors maintained a considerable cantonment 1 m. S.E.
of the town, and the British government kept it up for several
years after the annexation of the Punjab in 1849. There are
manufactures of cotton goods, inlaid woodwork, lacquered ware,
shoes and copper vessels.
The District of Hoshiarpur comprises an area of 2244 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 989,782, showing a decrease of 2% in the decade, compared with an increase of 12% during the previous decade. It falls into two nearly equal portions of hill and plain country. Its eastern face consists of the westward slope of the Solar Singhi Hills; parallel with that ridge, a line of lower heights belonging to the Siwalik range traverses the district from south to north, while between the two chains stretches a valley of uneven width, known as the Jaswan Dun. Its upper portion is crossed by the Sohan torrent, while the Sutlej sweeps into its lower end through a break in the hills, and flows in a southerly direction till it turns the flank of the central range, and debouches westwards upon the plains. This western plain consists of alluvial formation, with a general westerly slope owing to the deposit of silt from the mountain torrents in the sub-montane tract. The Beas has a fringe of lowland, open to moderate but not excessive inundations, and considered very fertile. A considerable area is covered by government woodlands, under the care of the forest department. Rice is largely grown, in the marshy flats along the banks of the Beas. Several religious fairs are held, at Anandpur, Mukerian and Chintpurni, all of which attract an enormous concourse of people. The district, owing to its proximity to the hills, possesses a comparatively cool and humid climate. Cotton fabrics are manufactured, and sugar, rice and other grains, tobacco and indigo are among the exports.
