total to 217 boxes and portfolios. Thus originated the Cabinet des titres of the Bibliothèque Nationale. Charles subsequently became reconciled to his nephew, to whom he left all the papers he had accumulated from the date of the quarrel until his death, which occurred in Paris on the 13th of February 1732.
Louis Pierre d’Hozier (1685–1767), son of Louis Roger, succeeded his uncle Charles as juge d’armes. He published the Armorial général, ou registre de la noblesse de France (10 vols., 1738–1768), which must not be confounded with the publication mentioned above, inasmuch as it related solely to noble families and was not an official collection. Complete copies of this work, which should contain six registres, are comparatively rare. A seventh registre, forming vol. xi., prepared by Ambroise Louis Marie, nephew of Louis Pierre, was published in 1847 by comte Charles d’Hozier. Louis Pierre died on the 25th of September 1767. His eldest son, Antoine Marie d’Hozier de Sérigny (1721–c. 1810), was his father’s collaborator and continuator; and his fourth son, Jean François Louis, wrote an account of the knights of St Michael in the province of Poitou, which was published in 1896 by the vicomte P. de Chabot.
His nephew, Ambroise Louis Marie d’Hozier (1764–1846), was the last of the juges d’armes of France. He held the position of president of the cour des comptes, aides et finances of Normandy, and was therefore generally known as President d’Hozier, to distinguish him from the other members of the family. After the Restoration he was employed to verify French armorial bearings for the conseil du sceau des titres. He died in obscurity. His collection, which was purchased in 1851 by the Bibliothèque Nationale, comprised 136 volumes, 165 portfolios of documents and 200 packets of extracts from title-deeds, known as the Carrés d’Hozier.
Abraham Charles Auguste d’Hozier (1775–1846), who also belonged to his family, was implicated in the conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal, and was condemned to death, but Bonaparte spared his life. He did not, however, recover his liberty until after the fall of the emperor, and died at Versailles on the 24th of August 1846. (C. B.*)
HRABANUS MAURUS MAGNENTIUS (c. 776–856), archbishop
of Mainz, and one of the most prominent teachers and
writers of the Carolingian age, was born of noble parents at Mainz.
Less correct forms of his name are Rabanus and Rhabanus.
The date of his birth is uncertain, but in 801 he received deacon’s
orders at Fulda, where he had been sent to school; in the following
year, at the instance of Ratgar, his abbot, he went together
with Haimon (afterwards of Halberstadt) to complete his studies
at Tours under Alcuin, who in recognition of his diligence and
purity gave him the surname of Maurus, after St Maur the
favourite disciple of Benedict. Returning after the lapse of
two years to Fulda, he was entrusted with the principal charge
of the school, which under his direction rose into a state of great
efficiency for that age, and sent forth such pupils as Walafrid
Strabo, Servatus Lupus of Ferières and Otfrid of Weissenburg.
At this period it is most probable that his Excerptio from the
grammar of Priscian, long so popular as a text-book during the
middle ages, was compiled. In 814 he was ordained a priest;
but shortly afterwards, apparently on account of disagreement
with Ratgar, he was compelled to withdraw for a time from
Fulda. This “banishment” is understood to have occasioned
the pilgrimage to Palestine to which he alludes in his commentary
on Joshua. He returned to Fulda on the election of a new abbot
(Eigil) in 817, upon whose death in 822 he himself became abbot.
The duties of this office he discharged with efficiency and success
until 842, when, in order to secure greater leisure for literature
and for devotion, he resigned and retired to the neighbouring
cloister of St Peter’s. In 847 he was again constrained to enter
public life by his election to succeed Otgar in the archbishopric
of Mainz, which see he occupied for upwards of eight years.
The principal incidents of historical interest belonging to this
period of his life were those which arose out of his relations to
Gottschalk (q.v.): they may be regarded as thoroughly typical
of that cruel intolerance which he shared with all his contemporaries,
and also of that ardent zeal which was peculiar to himself;
but they hardly do justice to the spirit of kindly benevolence
which in less trying circumstances he was ever ready to display.
He died at Winkel on the Rhine, on the 4th of February 856.
He is frequently referred to as St Rabanus, but incorrectly.
His voluminous works, many of which remain unpublished, comprise commentaries on a considerable number of the books both of canonical and of apocryphal Scripture (Genesis to Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chronicles, Judith, Esther, Canticles, Proverbs, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Maccabees, Matthew, the Epistles of St Paul, including Hebrews); and various treatises relating to doctrinal and practical subjects, including more than one series of Homilies. Perhaps the most important is that De institutione clericorum, in three books, by which he did much to bring into prominence the views of Augustine and Gregory the Great as to the training which was requisite for a right discharge of the clerical function; the most popular has been a comparatively worthless tract De laudibus sanctae crucis. Among the others may be mentioned the De universo libri xxii., sive etymologiarum opus, a kind of dictionary or encyclopaedia, designed as a help towards the historical and mystical interpretation of Scripture, the De sacris ordinibus, the De disciplina ecclesiastica and the Martyrologium. All of them are characterized by erudition (he knew even some Greek and Hebrew) rather than by originality of thought. The poems are of singularly little interest or value, except as including one form of the “Veni Creator.” In the annals of German philology a special interest attaches to the Glossaria Latino-Theodisca. A commentary, Super Porphyrium, printed by Cousin in 1836 among the Ouvrages inédits d’Abélard, and assigned both by that editor and by Hauréau to Hrabanus Maurus, is now generally believed to have been the work of a disciple.
The first nominally complete edition of the works of Hrabanus Maurus was that of Colvener (Cologne, 6 vols. fol., 1627). The Opera omnia form vols. cvii.-cxii. of Migne’s Patrologiae cursus completus. The De universo is the subject of Compendium der Naturwissenschaften an der Schule zu Fulda im IX. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1880). Maurus is the subject of monographs by Schwarz (De Rhabano Mauro primo Germaniae praeceptore, 1811), Kunstmann (Historische Monographie über Hrabanus Magnentius Maurus, 1841), Spengler (Leben des heil. Rhabanus Maurus, 1856) and Köhler (Rhabanus Maurus u. die Schule zu Fulda, 1870). Lives by his disciple Rudolphus and by Joannes Trithemius are printed in the Cologne edition of the Opera. See also Pertz, Monum. Germ. Hist. (i. and ii.); Bähr, Gesch. d. römischen Literatur im Karoling. Zeitalter (1840), and Hauck’s article in the Herzog-Hauck Realencyklopädie, ed. 3.
HRÓLFR KRAKI, perhaps the most famous of the Danish
kings of the heroic age. In Beowulf, where he is called Hrothwulf,
he is represented as reigning over Denmark in conjunction
with his uncle Hrothgar, one of the three sons of an earlier
king called Healfdene. In the Old Norse sagas Hrólfe is the son
of Helgi (Halga), the son of Halfdan (Healfdene). He is represented
as a wealthy and peace-loving monarch similar to Hrothgar
in Beowulf, but the latter (Hróarr, or Roe) is quite overshadowed
by his nephew in the Northern authorities. The chief incidents
in Hrólfr’s career are the visit which he paid to the Swedish king
Aðils (Beowulf’s Eadgils), of which several different explanations
are given, and the war, in which he eventually lost his life,
against his brother-in-law Hiörvarðr. The name Kraki (pole-ladder)
is said to have been given to him on account of his great
height by a young knight named Vöggr, whom he handsomely
rewarded and who eventually avenged his death on Hiörvarðr.
There is no reason to doubt that Hrólfr was an historical person
and that he reigned in Denmark during the early years of the
6th century, but the statement found in all the sagas that he
was the stepson of Aðils seems hardly compatible with the
evidence of Beowulf, which is a much earlier authority.
See Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, pp. 52-68, ed. A. Holder (Strassburg, 1886); and A. Olrik, Danmarks Hettedigtning (Copenhagen, 1903).
HROSVITHA (frequently Roswitha, and properly Hrotsuit),
early medieval dramatist and chronicler, occupies a very notable
position in the history of modern European literature. Her
endeavours formed part of the literary activity by which the age
of the emperor Otto the Great sought to emulate that of Charles
the Great. The famous nun of Gandersheim has occasionally
been confounded with her namesake, a learned abbess of the
same convent, who must have died at least half a century earlier.
The younger Hrosvitha was born in all probability about the year
935; and, if the statement be correct that she sang the praises
of the three Ottos, she must have lived to near the close of the
