by hue and cry, if he still had about him the signs of his guilt. If he resisted he could be cut down, while, if he submitted to capture, his fate was decided. Although brought before a court, he was not allowed to say anything in self-defence, nor was there any need for accusation, indictment or appeal. Although regulated from time to time by writs and statutes, the process of hue and cry continued to retain its summary method of procedure, and proof was not required of a culprit’s guilt, but merely that he had been taken red-handed by hue and cry. The various statutes relating to hue and cry were repealed in 1827 (7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27). The Sheriffs Act 1887, reenacting 3 Edw. I. c. 9, provides that every person in a county must be ready and apparelled at the command of the sheriff and at the cry of the county to arrest a felon, and in default shall on conviction be liable to a fine.
“Hue and cry” has, from its original meaning, come to be applied to a proclamation for the capture of an offender or for the finding of stolen goods, and to an official publication, issued for the information of the authorities interested, in which particulars are given of offenders “wanted,” offences committed, &c.
For the early history, see Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, vol. ii.; W. Stubbs, Select Charters.
HUEHUETANANGO (i.e. in the local Indian dialect, “City
of the Ancients”), the capital of the department of Huehuetanango,
western Guatemala, 106 m. W.N.W. of Guatemala
city, on the right bank and near the source of the river Salegua,
a tributary of the Chiapas. Pop. (1905) about 12,000. Huehuetanango
was built near the site of the ancient Indian city of
Zakuleu, now represented by some ruins on a neighbouring ridge
surrounded by deep ravines. It is the principal town of a fertile
upland region, which produces coffee, cocoa and many European
and tropical fruits. Chiantla, a neighbouring town mainly
inhabited by Indians, was long the headquarters of a successful
Dominican mission; its convent, enriched by the gifts of
pilgrims and the revenues of the silver mines owned by the monks,
became one of the wealthiest foundations in Central America.
It was secularized in 1873, and the mines have been abandoned.
HUELVA, a maritime province of south-western Spain,
formed in 1833 of districts taken from Andalusia, and bounded
on the N. by Badajoz, E. by Seville, S. by the Gulf of Cadiz
and W. by Portugal. Pop. (1900) 260,880; area 3913 sq. m.
With the exception of its south-eastern angle, where the province
merges into the flat waste lands known as Las Marismas, at the
mouth of the Guadalquivir, Huelva presents throughout its
entire extent an agreeably varied surface. It is traversed in
a south-westerly direction by the Sierra Morena, here known,
in its main ridge, as the Sierra de Aracena. The principal
streams are the navigable lower reaches of the Guadalquivir
and Guadiana, which respectively form for some distance the
south-eastern and south-western boundaries; the Odiel and the
Tinto, which both fall into the Atlantic by navigable rias or
estuaries; the Malagon, Chanza, Alcalaboza and Murtiga, which
belong to the Guadiana system; and the Huelva, belonging to
that of the Guadalquivir. Huelva has a mild and equable
climate, with abundant moisture and a fertile soil. Among the
mountains there are many valuable woodlands, in which oaks,
pines, beeches, cork-trees and chestnuts predominate, while
the lowlands afford excellent pasturage. But agriculture and
stock-breeding are here less important than in most Spanish
provinces, although the exports comprise large quantities of
fruit, oil and wine, besides cork and esparto grass. The headquarters
of the fishing trades, which include the drying and salting
of fish, are at Huelva, the capital, and Ayamonte on the Guadiana.
There are numerous brandy distilleries; and bricks, pottery,
soap, candles and flour are also manufactured; but the great
local industry is mining. In 1903 no fewer than 470 mines were
at work; and their output, consisting chiefly of copper with
smaller quantities of manganese and iron, exceeded £1,500,000
in value. The celebrated Rio Tinto copper mines, near the
sources of the Tinto, were, like those of Tharsis, 30 m. N.N.W.
of Huelva, exploited long before the Christian era, probably by
the Carthaginians, and certainly by the Romans. They are
still among the most important copper mines in the world (see
Rio Tinto). Saline and other mineral springs are common
throughout the province. Huelva is the principal seaport,
and is connected with Seville on the east and Mérida on the
north by direct railways; while a network of narrow-gauge
railways gives access to the chief mining centres. The principal
towns, besides Huelva (21,359) and Rio Tinto (11,603), which
are described in separate articles, are Alosno (8187), Ayamonte
(7530), Bollullos (7922), Moguer (8455), Nerva (7908) and
Zalamea la Real (7335). The state and municipal roads are
better engineered and maintained than those of the neighbouring
provinces. See also Andalusia.
HUELVA (the ancient Onuba, Onoba, or Onuba Aestuaria),
the capital of the Spanish province of Huelva, about 10 m.
from the Atlantic Ocean, on the left bank of the river Odiel,
and on the Seville-Huelva, Mérida-Huelva and Rio Tinto-Huelva
railways, the last-named being a narrow-gauge line.
Pop. (1900) 21,357. Huelva is built on the western shore of a
triangular peninsula formed by the estuaries of the Odiel and
Tinto, which meet below the town. It is wholly modern in
character and appearance, and owes its prosperity to an ever-increasing
transit trade in copper and other ores, for which
it is the port of shipment. After 1872, when the famous Rio
Tinto copper mines were for the first time properly exploited,
it progressed rapidly in size and wealth. Dredging operations
removed a great part of the sandbanks lining the navigable
main channel of the Odiel, and deepened the water over the bar
at its mouth; new railways were opened, and port works were
undertaken on a large scale, including the construction of
extensive quays and two piers, and the installation of modern
appliances for handling cargo. Many of these improvements
were added after 1900. Besides exporting copper, manganese
and other minerals, which in 1903 reached 2,750,000 tons, valued
at more than £1,500,000, Huelva is the headquarters of profitable
sardine, tunny and bonito fisheries, and of a trade in grain,
grapes, olives and cork. The copper and cork industries are
mainly in British hands, and the bulk of the imports, which
consist chiefly of coal, iron and steel and machinery, comes
from Great Britain. Foodstuffs and Australian hardwood are
also imported.
Huelva was originally a Carthaginian trading-station, and afterwards a Roman colony; but it retains few memorials of its past, except the Roman aqueduct, repaired in modern times, and the colossal statue of Columbus. This was erected in 1892 to commemorate the fourth centenary of his voyage to the new world in 1492–1493, which began and ended in the village of San Pálos de la Frontera on the Tinto. Columbus resided in the neighbouring monastery of Santa Maria la Rabida after his original plans for the voyage had been rejected by King John II. of Portugal in 1484. An exact reproduction of this monastery was erected in 1893 at the World’s Fair, Chicago, U.S.A., and was afterwards converted into a sanatorium. Higher up the Tinto, above San Pálos, is the town of Moguer (pop. 8455), which exports large quantities of oil and wine.
HUÉRCAL OVERA, a town of south-eastern Spain, in the
province of Almería, on the Lorca-Baza railway, and between
two branches of the river Almanzora. Pop. (1900) 15,763.
Huércal Overa is the chief town of a thriving agricultural
district, largely dependent for its prosperity on the lead mining
carried on among the surrounding highlands.
HUESCA, a frontier province of northern Spain, formed in
1833 of districts previously belonging to Aragon; and bounded
on the N. by France, E. and S.E. by Lérida, S.W. and W. by
Saragossa, and N.W. by Navarre. Pop. (1900) 244,867; area
5848 sq. m. The entire northern half of Huesca belongs to the
mountain system of the Pyrenees, which here attain their greatest
altitudes in Aneto, the highest point of the Maladetta ridge
(11,168 ft.), and in Monte Perdido (10,997 ft.). The southern
half forms part of the rugged and high-lying plateau of Aragon.
Its only conspicuous range of hills is the Sierra de Alcubierre on
the south-western border. The whole province is included in
