for the French explorations and the colonial period. C. E. Boyd
in “The County of Illinois” (American Hist. Rev. vol. iv.), “Record
Book and Papers of John Todd” (Chicago Historical Society, Collections,
iv.), C. E. Carter, Great Britain and the Illinois Country,
1763–1774 (Washington, 1910), R. L. Schuyler, The Transition of
Illinois to American Government (New York, 1909), and W. H. Smith
in The St Clair Papers (Cincinnati, 1882), and the Territorial Records
of Illinois (“Publications of the State Historical Library,” No. 3)
are important for the period until 1818. Governor Thomas Ford’s
History of Illinois (Chicago, 1854), and Governor John Reynolds’s
My Own Times (1855), are contemporary sources for 1818–1846;
they should be supplemented by N. W. Edwards’s History of Illinois
(1778–1833) and Life of Ninian Edwards (Springfield, 1870), E. B.
Washburne’s Edwards Papers (Chicago, 1884), C. H. Garnett’s State
Banks of Issue in Illinois (Univ. of Ill., 1898), and N. G. Harris’s
History of Negro Servitude in Illinois (Chicago, 1904). C. E. Carr’s
The Illini (Chicago, 1904) is a study of conditions in Illinois from
1850–1860. W. W. Lusk’s Politics and Politicians of Illinois, the
Illinois Constitutional Convention (1862), the Granger Movement in
Illinois, and Illinois Railway Legislation and Common Control
(University of Illinois Studies), Street Railway Legislation in Illinois
(Atlantic Monthly, vol. xciii.), are of value for conditions after 1860.
The publications of the Chicago Historical Society, of the “Fergus
Historical” series, of the State Historical Library, of the Wisconsin
Historical Society, also the Michigan Pioneer Collections, contain
valuable documents and essays.
ILLORIN, a province of British West Africa in the protectorate
of Nigeria. It has an area of 6300 m., with an estimated
population of about 250,000. Its inhabitants are of various
tribes, among which the Yoruba now predominate. There are
two minor emirates, Shonga and Lafiagi in this province, and a
number of semi-independent towns of which the chief are
Awton, Ajassa, Offa and Patiji. Under British administration
the province is divided into three divisions, Illorin (central), Offa
(southern) and Patiji (northern). The province is rich in agricultural
and sylvan products. Among the former are tobacco,
cotton, rice, peppers, ground-nuts and kolas. The latter include
great quantities of shea as well as palm-oil and rubber. The
capital is a town of the same name as the province. It is 160 m.
in a direct line N.N.E. of Lagos, and 50 m. S.S.W. of Jebba,
a port on the Niger, being connected with both places by railway.
The town is surrounded by a mud wall partly in ruins, which
has a circuit of some 10 m. Illorin is a great trading centre,
Hausa caravans bringing goods from central Africa, and
merchandise from the coasts of the Mediterranean, which is
distributed from Illorin to Dahomey, Benin and the Lagos
hinterland, while from the Guinea coast the trade is in the hands
of the Yoruba and comes chiefly through Lagos. A variety
of manufactures are carried on, including the making of leather
goods, carved wooden vessels, finely plaited mats, embroidered
work, shoes of yellow and red leather and pottery of various
kinds. Before the establishment of British administration
traders from the south, with a few selected exceptions, were
prohibited from entering the city. Illorin middlemen transacted
all business between the traders from the north, who
were not allowed to pass to the south, and those from the south.
Since the establishment of British authority the town has been
thrown open, crowds of petty traders from Lagos have flocked
into Illorin, and between 4000 and 5000 trade licences are
issued yearly. The British resident estimated in 1904 that at
least 3000 loads of British cotton goods, which he valued at
£5 a load, were imported. The population of the town is
estimated at from 60,000 to 70,000. The chief buildings are
the palace of the emir and the houses of the baloguns (war
chiefs). From the centre of the town roads radiate like spokes
of a wheel to the various gates. Baobabs and other shade trees
are numerous. There are a number of mosques in the town,
and the Mahommedans are the dominant power, but the Yoruba,
who constitute the bulk of the people, are pagans.
The town of Illorin was founded, towards the close of the 18th century, by Yoruba, and rose to be the capital of one of the Yoruba kingdoms. About 1825 the kingdom, which had come under Mahommedan influence, ceased its connexion with the Yoruba states and became an emirate of the Sokoto empire. The Fula, however, maintained the Yoruba system of government, which places the chief power in a council of elders. In 1897 Illorin was occupied by the forces of the Royal Niger Company, and the emir placed himself “entirely under the protection and power of the company.” After the assumption of authority by the British government in 1900, Illorin was organized for administration on the same system as the remainder of northern Nigeria. The emir took the oath of allegiance to the sovereign of Great Britain. A resident was placed at his court. Courts of justice have been established and British garrisons quartered at various places in the province. (See also Nigeria and Lagos.)
ILLUMINATED MSS.—“Illumination,” in art, is a term used
to signify the embellishment of written or printed text or design
with colours and gold, rarely also with silver. The old form of
the verb “to illuminate” was “to enlumine” (O. Fr. enluminer;
Lat. illuminare, “to throw light on,” “to brighten”), as used
by Chaucer (A.B.C., 73), “kalendres enlumyned ben they,”
and other medieval writers. Joinville likens the action of
St Louis in adorning his kingdom with monastic foundations to
a writer “qui a fait son livre qui l’enlumine d’or et d’azur”;
while Dante (Purgat. xi. 79) alludes to this kind of decoration
as “quell’ arte che alluminare chiamata è in Parisi.” But while
the term should be strictly applied to the brilliant
book-ornamentation
which was developed in the later middle ages, it has
been extended, by usage, to the illustration and decoration of
early MSS. in general.
From remote times the practice of illustrating texts by means of pictorial representations was in vogue. The survival of papyrus rolls containing the text of the Egyptian ritual known as The Book of the Dead, dating back fifteen centuries B.C., and accompanied with numerous scenes Early. painted in brilliant colours, proves how ancient was this very natural method of elucidating a written text by means of pictures. There are many passages in the writings of Latin authors showing that illustrated books were not uncommon in Rome at least in the early period of the empire; and the oldest extant paintings in ancient classical MSS. may with little hesitation be accepted as representative of the style of illustration which was practised very much earlier. But such paintings are rather illustrative than decorative, and the only strictly ornamental adjuncts are the frames in which they are set. Yet independent decoration appears in a primitive form in the papyri and the earliest vellum MSS. At the head or at the end of the text designs composed of cross-hatchings, cables, dotted patterns and scrolls, sometimes with birds or simple domestic objects, are found. The early practice of writing the initial lines or even the entire text of a volume in gold or coloured inks, and of staining with purple and of gilding the vellum, while it undoubtedly enhanced the decorative aspect, does not properly fall within the scope of this article; it concerns the material rather than the artistic element of the MS. (See Manuscripts, Palaeography.)
It will be seen, then, that in the earliest examples of book decorations we find the germs of the two lines on which that decoration was destined to develop in the illuminated MSS. of the middle ages: the illustrative picture was the precursor of the medieval miniature (the technical term for a picture in an illuminated MS.); and the independent simple ornament was to expand into the brilliant initial letters and borders of illumination. And yet, while the miniature has a career of its own in artistic development which may be more conveniently dealt with under a separate heading (see Miniature), its decorative qualities are so closely bound up with those of the initial and border that an historical description of illumination must give full recognition to its prominent position in the general scheme of book-ornamentation of the middle ages.
The first examples to come under consideration are the few surviving MSS. of early origin which, preserving as they do the classical tradition, form the connecting link between the art of the Roman empire and that of the middle ages. The most ancient of these, it is now agreed, is the fragmentary copy of the Iliad, on vellum, in the Ambrosian Library of Milan, which consists of cuttings of the coloured drawings with which the volume was adorned in illustration of the various scenes of the
