politicians of the capital, and was peremptorily requested to go abroad again. She died on the 10th of April 1904.
ISABELLA, Isabeau, or Elizabeth of Bavaria (1370–1435), wife of Charles VI. of France, was the daughter of Stephen II., duke of Bavaria. She was born in 1370, was married to Charles VI. on the 17th of July 1385, and crowned at Paris on the 22nd of August 1389. After some years of happy married life she fell
under the influence of the dissolute court in which she lived,
and the king having become insane (August 1392) she consorted
chiefly with Louis of Orleans. Frivolous, selfish, avaricious and
fond of luxury, she used her influence, during the different
periods when she was invested with the regency, not for the
public welfare, but mainly in her own personal interest. After
the assassination of the duke of Orleans (November 23, 1407)
she attached herself sometimes to the Armagnacs, sometimes to the Burgundians, and led a scandalous life. Louis de Bosredon, the captain of her guards, was executed for complicity in her
excesses; and Isabella herself was imprisoned at Blois and afterwards
at Tours (1417). Having been set free towards the end of
that year by John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, whom she had
called to her assistance, she went to Troyes and established her
government there, returning afterwards to Paris when that city
had capitulated to the Burgundians in July 1418. Once more
in power, she now took up arms against her son, the dauphin
Charles; and after the murder of John the Fearless she went over
to the side of the English, into whose hands she surrendered
France by the treaty of Troyes (May 21, 1420), at the same time
giving her daughter Catherine in marriage to the king of England,
Henry V. After her triumphal entry into Paris with the latter
she soon became an object of loathing to the whole French
nation. She survived her husband, her son-in-law, and eight
out of her twelve children, and she passed the last miserable
years of her life in poverty, solitude and ill-health. She died at
the end of September 1435, and was interred without funeral
honours in the abbey of St Denis, by the side of her husband, Charles VI.
See Vallet de Viriville, Isabeau de Bavière (1859); Marcel Thibault, Isabeau de Bavière, Reine de France, La Jeunesse, 1370–1405 (1903). (J. V.*)
ISABELLA OF HAINAUT (1170–1190), queen of France, was the daughter of Baldwin V., count of Hainaut, and Margaret,
sister of Philip of Alsace, and was born in 1170 at Lille. She
was married to Philip Augustus, and brought to him as her
dowry the province of Artois. She was crowned at St Denis
on the 29th of May 1180. As Baldwin V. claimed to be a
descendant of Charlemagne, the chroniclers of the time saw in
this marriage a union of the Carolingian and Capetian dynasties.
Though she received extravagant praise from certain annalists,
she failed to win the affections of Philip, who, in 1184, waging
war against Flanders, was angered at seeing Baldwin support his
enemies, and called a council at Sens for the purpose of repudiating
her. Robert, the king’s uncle, successfully interposed.
She died in childbirth in 1190, and was buried in the church of
Notre Dame in Paris. Her son became Louis VIII. of France.
See Cartellieri, “L’Avènement de Phil. Aug.” in Rev. hist. liii. 262 et seq.
ISABEY, JEAN BAPTISTE (1767–1855), French painter, was
born at Nancy on the 11th of April 1767. At nineteen, after
some lessons from Dumont, miniature painter to Marie Antoinette,
he became a pupil of David. Employed at Versailles on portraits
of the dukes of Angoulême and Berry, he was given a commission
by the queen, which opens the long list of those which he received,
up to the date of his death in 1855, from the successive rulers of
France. Patronized by Josephine and Napoleon, he arranged
the ceremonies of their coronation and prepared drawings for
the publication intended as its official commemoration, a work
for which he was paid by Louis XVIII., whose portrait (engraved,
Debucourt) he executed in 1814. Although Isabey did
homage to Napoleon on his return from Elba, he continued to
enjoy the favour of the Restoration, and took part in arrangements
for the coronation of Charles X. The monarchy of July
conferred on him an important post in connexion with the royal
collections, and Napoleon III. granted him a pension, and the
cross of commander of the Legion of Honour. “Review of
Troops by the First Consul” was one of his most important compositions,
and “Isabey’s Boat,”—a charming drawing of himself
and family—produced at a time when he was much occupied
with lithography—had an immense success at the Salon of 1820
(engraved, Landon, Annales, i. 125). His portrait of “Napoleon
at Malmaison” is held to be the best ever executed, and even
his tiny head of the king of Rome, painted for a breast-pin, is
distinguished by a decision and breadth which evidence the hand
of a master.
A biography of Isabey was published by M. E. Taigny in 1859, and M. C. Lenormant’s article, written for Michaud’s Biog. univ., is founded on facts furnished by Isabey’s family.
ISABNORMAL (or Isanomalous) LINES, in physical geography,
lines upon a map or chart connecting places having
an abnormal temperature. Each place has, theoretically, a
proper temperature due to its latitude, and modified by its
configuration. Its mean temperature for a particular period
is decided by observation and called its normal temperature.
Isabnormal lines may be used to denote the variations due to
warm winds or currents, great altitudes or depressions, or great
land masses as compared with sea. Or they may be used to
indicate the abnormal result of weather observations made in an
area such as the British Isles for a particular period.
ISAEUS (c. 420 B.C.–c. 350 B.C.), Attic orator, the chronological limits of whose extant work fall between the years 390 and 353 B.C., is described in the Plutarchic life as a Chalcidian; by Suidas, whom Dionysius follows, as an Athenian. The accounts have been reconciled by supposing that his family sprang from the settlement (κληρουχία) of Athenian citizens among whom the
lands of the Chalcidian hippobotae (knights) had been divided
about 509 B.C. In 411 B.C. Euboea (except Oreos) revolted
from Athens; and it would not have been strange if residents of
Athenian origin had then migrated from the hostile island to
Attica. Such a connexion with Euboea would explain the non-Athenian
name Diagoras which is borne by the father of Isaeus,
while the latter is said to have been “an Athenian by descent”
(Ἀθηναῖος τὸ γένος). So far as we know, Isaeus took no part in
the public affairs of Athens. “I cannot tell,” says Dionysius,
“what were the politics of Isaeus—or whether he had any
politics at all.” Those words strikingly attest the profound
change which was passing over the life of the Greek cities.
It would have been scarcely possible, fifty years earlier, that an
eminent Athenian with the powers of Isaeus should have failed
to leave on record some proof of his interest in the political
concerns of Athens or of Greece. But now, with the decline of
personal devotion to the state, the life of an active citizen had
ceased to have any necessary contact with political affairs.
Already we are at the beginning of that transition which is
to lead from the old life of Hellenic citizenship to that Hellenism
whose children are citizens of the world.
Isaeus (who was born probably about 420 B.C.) is believed to have been an early pupil of Isocrates, and he certainly was a student of Lysias. A passage of Photius has been understood as meaning that personal relations had existed between Isaeus and Plato, but this view appears erroneous.[1] The profession of Isaeus was that of which Antiphon had been the first representative at Athens—that of a λογογράφος, who composed speeches which his clients were to deliver in the law-courts. But, while Antiphon had written such speeches chiefly (as Lysias frequently) for public causes, it was with private causes that Isaeus was almost exclusively concerned. The fact marks the progressive subdivision of labour in his calling, and the extent to which the smaller interests of private life now absorbed the attention of the citizen.
The most interesting recorded event in the career of Isaeus is one which belongs to its middle period—his connexion with Demosthenes. Born in 384 B.C., Demosthenes attained his civic majority in 366. At this time he had already resolved to
- ↑ See further Jebb’s Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus, (ii. 264).
