one dealing with roads in Europe, Asia and Africa, and the other with familiar sea-routes—the distances usually being measured from Rome; (2) It. Hierosolymitanum or Burdigalense, which belongs to the 4th century, and contains the route of a pilgrimage from Bordeaux to Jerusalem and from Heraclea by Rome to Milan (ed. G. Parthey and M. Pinder, 1848, with the Itinerarium Antonini); (3) It. Alexandria containing a sketch of the march-route of Alexander the Great, mainly derived from Arrian and prepared for Constantius’s expedition in A.D. 340–345 against the Persians (ed. D. Volkmann, 1871). A collected edition of the ancient itineraria, with ten maps, was issued by Fortia d’Urban, Recueil des itinéraires anciens (1845). Of the Itineraria Picta only one great example has been preserved. This is the famous Tabula Peutingeriana, which, without attending to the shape or relative position of the countries, represents by straight lines and dots of various sizes the roads and towns of the whole Roman world (facsimile published by K. Miller, 1888; see also Map).
ITIUS PORTUS, the name given by Caesar to the chief harbour
which he used when embarking for his second expedition to
Britain in 54 B.C. (De bello Gallico, v. 2). It was certainly
near the uplands round Cape Grisnez (Promuntorium Itium),
but the exact site has been violently disputed ever since the
renaissance of learning. Many critics have assumed that Caesar
used the same port for his first expedition, but the name does not
appear at all in that connexion (B. G. iv. 21-23). This fact,
coupled with other considerations, makes it probable that the
two expeditions started from different places. It is generally
agreed that the first embarked at Boulogne. The same view
was widely held about the second, but T. Rice Holmes in an
article in the Classical Review (May 1909) gave strong reasons
for preferring Wissant, 4 m. east of Grisnez. The chief reason is
that Caesar, having found he could not set sail from the small
harbour of Boulogne with even 80 ships simultaneously, decided
that he must take another point for the sailing of the “more
than 800” ships of the second expedition. Holmes argues
that, allowing for change in the foreshore since Caesar’s time,
800 specially built ships could have been hauled above the
highest spring-tide level, and afterwards launched simultaneously
at Wissant, which would therefore have been “commodissimus”
(v. 2) or opposed to “brevissimus traiectus” (iv. 21).
See T. R. Holmes in Classical Review (May 1909), in which he partially revises the conclusions at which he arrived in his Ancient Britain (1907), pp. 552-594; that the first expedition started from Boulogne is accepted, e.g. by H. Stuart Jones, in English Historical Review (1909), xxiv. 115; other authorities in Holmes’s article.
ITO, HIROBUMI, Prince (1841–1909), Japanese statesman,
was born in 1841, being the son of Ito Jūzō, and (like his father)
began life as a retainer of the lord of Choshu, one of the most
powerful nobles of Japan. Choshu, in common with many of his
fellow Daimyos, was bitterly opposed to the rule of the shôgun
or tycoon, and when this rule resulted in the conclusion of the
treaty with Commodore M. C. Perry in 1854, the smouldering
discontent broke out into open hostility against both parties
to the compact. In these views Ito cordially agreed with
his chieftain, and was sent on a secret mission to Yedo to report
to his lord on the doings of the government. This visit had the
effect of causing Ito to turn his attention seriously to the study
of the British and of other military systems. As a result he
persuaded Choshu to remodel his army, and to exchange the
bows and arrows of his men for guns and rifles. But Ito felt
that his knowledge of foreigners, if it was to be thorough, should
be sought for in Europe, and with the connivance of Choshu he,
in company with Inouye and three other young men of the same
rank as himself, determined to risk their lives by committing
the then capital offence of visiting a foreign country. With great
secrecy they made their way to Nagasaki, where they concluded
an arrangement with the agent of Messrs Jardine, Matheson & Co.
for passages on board a vessel which was about to sail for
Shanghai (1863). At that port the adventurers separated, three
of their number taking ship as passengers to London, while Ito
and Inouye preferred to work their passages before the mast
in the “Pegasus,” bound for the same destination. For a year these
two friends remained in London studying English methods,
but then events occurred in Japan which recalled them to their
country. The treaties lately concluded by the shôgun with the
foreign powers conceded the right to navigate the strait of
Shimonoseki, leading to the Inland Sea. On the northern shores
of this strait stretched the feudal state ruled over by Prince
Choshu, who refused to recognize the clause opening the strait,
and erected batteries on the shore, from which he opened fire
on all ships which attempted to force the passage. The shôgun
having declared himself unable in the circumstances to give effect
to the provision, the treaty powers determined to take the
matter into their own hands. Ito, who was better aware than
his chief of the disproportion between the fighting powers of
Europe and Japan, memorialized the cabinets, begging that
hostilities should be suspended until he should have had time to
use his influence with Choshu in the interests of peace. With
this object Ito hurried back to Japan. But his efforts were
futile. Choshu refused to give way, and suffered the consequences
of his obstinacy in the destruction of his batteries and
in the infliction of a heavy fine. The part played by Ito in these
negotiations aroused the animosity of the more reactionary of
his fellow-clansmen, who made repeated attempts to assassinate
him. On one notable occasion he was pursued by his enemies
into a tea-house, where he was concealed by a young lady beneath
the floor of her room. Thus began a romantic acquaintance,
which ended in the lady becoming the wife of the fugitive.
Subsequently (1868) Ito was made governor of Hiogo, and in the
course of the following year became vice-minister of finance.
In 1871 he accompanied Iwakura on an important mission to
Europe, which, though diplomatically a failure, resulted in the
enlistment of the services of European authorities on military,
naval and educational systems.
After his return to Japan Ito served in several cabinets as head of the bureau of engineering and mines, and in 1886 he accepted office as prime minister, a post which, when he resigned in 1901, he had held four times. In 1882 he was sent on a mission to Europe to study the various forms of constitutional government; on this occasion he attended the coronation of the tsar Alexander III. On his return to Japan he was entrusted with the arduous duty of drafting a constitution. In 1890 he reaped the fruits of his labours, and nine years later he was destined to witness the abrogation of the old treaties, and the substitution in their place of conventions which place Japan on terms of equality with the European states. In all the great reforms in the Land of the Rising Sun Ito played a leading part. It was mainly due to his active interest in military and naval affairs that he was able to meet Li Hung-chang at the end of the Chinese and Japanese War (1895) as the representative of the conquering state, and the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902 testified to his triumphant success in raising Japan to the first rank among civilized powers. As a reward for his conspicuous services in connexion with the Chinese War Ito was made a marquis, and in 1897 he accompanied Prince Arisugawa as a joint representative of the Mikado at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. At the close of 1901 he again, though in an unofficial capacity, visited Europe and the United States; and in England he was created a G.C.B. After the Russo-Japanese War (1905) he was appointed resident general in Korea, and in that capacity he was responsible for the steps taken to increase Japanese influence in that country. In September 1907 he was advanced to the rank of prince. He retired from his post in Korea in July 1909, and became president of the privy council in Japan. But on the 26th of October, when on a visit to Harbin, he was shot dead by a Korean assassin.
He is to be distinguished from Admiral Count Yuko Ito (b. 1843), the distinguished naval commander.
ITRI, a town of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 6 m. by road N.W. of Formia. Pop. (1901) 5797. The town is picturesquely situated 690 ft. above sea-level, in the mountains which the Via Appia traverses between Fondi and Formia.
