presented by him to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The work, which is in two folio volumes, superbly illustrated, was
printed privately, and after 100 copies had been struck off on American
hand-made paper, the type was distributed and the material
used for the illustrations was destroyed. The second volume is a
catalogue of the collection, which comprises 900 specimens arranged
in three classes: mineralogical, archaeological and artistic. The
important section on Chinese jade was contributed by Dr S. W.
Bushell, who also translated for the work a discourse on jade—Yü-shuo
by T’ang Jung-tso, of Peking. Reference should also be
made to Heinrich Fischer’s Nephrit und Jadeit (2nd ed., Stuttgart,
1880), a work which at the date of its publication was almost
exhaustive. (F. W. R.*)
JAEN, an inland province of southern Spain, formed in 1833 of
districts belonging to Andalusia; bounded on the N. by Ciudad
Real and Albacete, E. by Albacete and Granada, S. by Granada,
and W. by Cordova. Pop. (1900), 474,490; area, 5848 sq. m.
Jaen comprises the upper basin of the river Guadalquivir, which
traverses the central districts from east to west, and is enclosed
on the north, south and east by mountain ranges, while on the
west it is entered by the great Andalusian plain. The Sierra
Morena, which divides Andalusia from New Castile, extends
along the northern half of the province, its most prominent
ridges being the Loma de Chiclana and the Loma de Ubeda;
the Sierras de Segura, in the east, derive their name from the
river Segura, which rises just within the border; and between
the last-named watershed, its continuation the Sierra del Pozo,
and the parallel Sierra de Cazorla, is the source of the Guadalquivir.
The loftiest summits in the province are those of the
Sierra Magina (7103 ft.) farther west and south. Apart from
the Guadalquivir the only large rivers are its right-hand tributaries
the Jándula and Guadalimar, its left-hand tributary the
Guadiana Menor, and the Segura, which flows east and south
to the Mediterranean.
In a region which varies so markedly in the altitude of its surface, the climate is naturally unequal; and, while the bleak, wind-swept highlands are only available as sheep-walks, the well-watered and fertile valleys favour the cultivation of the vine, the olive and all kinds of cereals. The mineral wealth of Jaen has been known since Roman times, and mining is an important industry, with its centre at Lináres. Over 400 lead mines were worked in 1903; small quantities of iron, copper and salt are also obtained. There is some trade in sawn timber and cloth; esparto fabrics, alcohol and oil are manufactured. The roads, partly owing to the development of mining, are more numerous and better kept than in most Spanish provinces. Railway communication is also very complete in the western districts, as the main line Madrid-Cordova-Seville passes through them and is joined south of Lináres by two important railways—from Algeciras and Malaga on the south-west, and from Almería on the south-east. The eastern half of Jaen is inaccessible by rail. In the western half are Jaen, the capital (pop. (1900), 26,434), with Andujar (16,302), Baeza (14,379), Bailen (7420), Lináres (38,245), Martos (17,078) and Ubeda (19,913). Other towns of more than 7000 inhabitants are Alcalá la Real, Alcaudete, Arjona, La Carolina and Porcuna, in the west; and Cazorla, Quesada, Torredonjimeno, Villacarillo and Villanueva del Arzobispo, in the east.
JAEN, the capital of the Spanish province of Jaen, on the
Lináres-Puente Genil railway, 1500 ft. above the sea. Pop.
(1900), 26,434. Jaen is finely situated on the well-wooded
northern slopes of the Jabalcuz Mountains, overlooking the
picturesque valleys of the Jaen and Guadalbullon rivers, which
flow north into the Guadalquivir. The hillside upon which the
narrow and irregular city streets rise in terraces is fortified with
Moorish walls and a Moorish citadel. Jaen is an episcopal see.
Its cathedral was founded in 1532; and, although it remained
unfinished until late in the 18th century, its main characteristics
are those of the Renaissance period. The city contains many
churches and convents, a library, art galleries, theatres, barracks
and hospitals. Its manufactures include leather, soap, alcohol
and linen; and it was formerly celebrated for its silk. There are
hot mineral springs in the mountains, 2 m. south.
The identification of Jaen with the Roman Aurinx, which has sometimes been suggested, is extremely questionable. After the Moorish conquest Jaen was an important commercial centre, under the name of Jayyan; and ultimately became capital of a petty kingdom, which was brought to an end only in 1246 by Ferdinand III. of Castille, who transferred hither the bishopric of Baeza in 1248. Ferdinand IV. died at Jaen in 1312. In 1712 the city suffered severely from an earthquake.
JAFARABAD, a state of India, in the Kathiawar agency of
Bombay, forming part of the territory of the nawab of Janjira;
area, 42 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 12,097; estimated revenue, £4000.
The town of Jafarabad (pop. 6038), situated on the estuary of a
river, carries on a large coasting trade.
JAFFNA, a town of Ceylon, at the northern extremity of the
island. The fort was described by Sir J. Emerson Tennent as
“the most perfect little military work in Ceylon—a pentagon
built of blocks of white coral.” The European part of the town
bears the Dutch stamp more distinctly than any other town in
the island; and there still exists a Dutch Presbyterian church.
Several of the church buildings date from the time of the Portuguese.
In 1901 Jaffna had a population of 33,879, while in the
district or peninsula of the same name there were 300,851 persons,
nearly all Tamils, the only Europeans being the civil servants and
a few planters. Coco-nut planting has not been successful of
recent years. The natives grow palmyras freely, and have a
trade in the fibre of this palm. They also grow and export
tobacco, but not enough rice for their own requirements. A
steamer calls weekly, and there is considerable trade. The
railway extension from Kurunegala due north to Jaffna and the
coast was commenced in 1900. Jaffna is the seat of a government
agent and district judge, and criminal sessions of the
supreme court are regularly held. Jaffna, or, as the natives call
it, Yalpannan, was occupied by the Tamils about 204 B.C., and
there continued to be Tamil rajahs of Jaffna till 1617, when the
Portuguese took possession of the place. As early as 1544 the
missionaries under Francis Xavier had made converts in this
part of Ceylon, and after the conquest the Portuguese maintained
their proselytizing zeal. They had a Jesuit college, a
Franciscan and a Dominican monastery. The Dutch drove out
the Portuguese in 1658. The Church of England Missionary
Society began its work in Jaffna in 1818, and the American
Missionary Society in 1822.
JÄGER, GUSTAV (1832– ), German naturalist and
hygienist, was born at Bürg in Württemberg on the 23rd of June
1832. After studying medicine at Tübingen he became a teacher
of zoology at Vienna. In 1868 he was appointed professor of
zoology at the academy of Hohenheim, and subsequently he
became teacher of zoology and anthropology at Stuttgart polytechnic
and professor of physiology at the veterinary school. In
1884 he abandoned teaching and started practice as a physician
in Stuttgart. He wrote various works on biological subjects,
including Die Darwinsche Theorie und ihre Stellung zu Moral und
Religion (1869), Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Zoologie (1871–1878),
and Die Entdeckung der Seele (1878). In 1876 he suggested an
hypothesis in explanation of heredity, resembling the germ-plasm
theory subsequently elaborated by August Weismann, to
the effect that the germinal protoplasm retains its specific
properties from generation to generation, dividing in each reproduction
into an ontogenetic portion, out of which the
individual is built up, and a phylogenetic portion, which is
reserved to form the reproductive material of the mature offspring.
In Die Normalkleidung als Gesundheitsschutz (1880) he
advocated the system of clothing associated with his name,
objecting especially to the use of any kind of vegetable fibre
for clothes.
JÄGERNDORF (Czech, Krnov), a town of Austria, in Silesia,
18 m. N.W. of Troppau by rail. Pop. (1900), 14,675, mostly
German. It is situated on the Oppa and possesses a château
belonging to Prince Liechtenstein, who holds extensive estates
in the district. Jägerndorf has large manufactories of cloth,
woollens, linen and machines, and carries on an active trade.
On the neighbouring hill of Burgberg (1420 ft.) are a church,
much visited as a place of pilgrimage, and the ruins of the seat
of the former princes of Jägerndorf. The claim of Prussia to
the principality of Jägerndorf was the occasion of the first
Silesian war (1740–1742), but in the partition, which followed,
Austria retained the larger portion of it. Jägerndorf suffered
severely during the Thirty Years’ War, and was the scene of
engagements between the Prussians and Austrians in May 1745
and in January 1779.
