while over all are heard the raucous caw of the raven (karasu) and
the harsh scream of the kite (tombi), between which and the raven
there is perpetual feud. The falcon (taka), always an honoured bird
in Japan, where from time immemorial hawking has been an aristocratic
pastime, is common enough, and so is the sparrow-hawk
(hai-taka), but the eagle (washi) affects solitude. Two English
ornithologists, Blakiston and Pryer, are the recognized authorities
on the birds of Japan, and in a contribution to the Transactions of
the Asiatic Society of Japan (vol. x.) they have enumerated 359
species. Starlings (muku-dori) are numerous, and so are the wagtail
(sekirei), the swallow (tsubame) the martin (ten), the woodchat
(mozu) and the jay (kakesu or kashi-dori), but the magpie (tōgarasu),
though common in China, is rare in Japan. Blackbirds and thrushes
are not found, nor any species of parrot, but on the other hand, we
have the hoopoe (yatsugashira), the red-breast (komadori), the bluebird
(ruri), the wren (miso-sazai), the golden-crested wren (itadaki),
the golden-eagle (inu-washi), the finch (hiwa), the longtailed rose-finch
(benimashiko), the ouzel—brown (akahara), dusky (tsugumi)
and water (kawa-garasu)—the kingfisher (kawasemi), the crake
(kuina) and the tomtit (kara). Among game-birds there are the
quail (uzura), the heathcock (ezo-rachō), the ptarmigan (ezo-raichō
or ezo-yama-dori), the woodcock (hodo-shigi), the snipe (ta-shigi)—with
two special species, the solitary snipe (yama-shigi) and the
painted snipe (tama-shigi)—and the pheasant (kiji). Of the last
there are two species, the kiji proper, a bird presenting no remarkable
features, and the copper pheasant, a magnificent bird with
plumage of dazzling beauty. Conspicuous above all others, not
only for grace of form but also for the immemorial attention paid
to them by Japanese artists, are the crane (tsuru) and the heron
(sagi). Of the crane there are seven species, the stateliest and most
beautiful being the Grus japonensis (tanchō or tanchō-zuru), which
stands some 5 ft. high and has pure white plumage with a red crown,
black tail-feathers and black upper neck. It is a sacred bird, and
it shares with the tortoise the honour of being an emblem of longevity.
The other species are the demoiselle crane (anewa-zuru), the black
crane (kuro-zuru or nezumi-zuru, i.e. Grus cinerea), the Grus leucauchen
(mana-zuru), the Grus monachus (nabe-zuru), and the white crane
(shiro-zuru). The Japanese include in this category the stork
(kōzuru), but it may be said to have disappeared from the island.
The heron (sagi) constitutes a charming feature in a Japanese landscape,
especially the silver heron (shira-sagi), which displays its
brilliant white plumage in the rice-fields from spring to early
autumn. The night-heron (goi-sagi) is very common. Besides
these waders there are plover (chidori); golden (muna-guro or ai-guro);
gray (daizen); ringed (shiro-chidori); spur-winged (keri) and
Harting’s sand-plover (ikaru-chidori); sand-pipers—green (ashiro-shigi)
and spoon-billed (hera-shigi)—and water-hens (ban). Among
swimming birds the most numerous are the gull (kamome), of which
many varieties are found; the cormorant (u)—which is trained by
the Japanese for fishing purposes—and multitudinous flocks of
wild-geese (gan) and wild-ducks (kamo), from the beautiful mandarin-duck
(oshi-dori), emblem of conjugal fidelity, to teal (kogamo) and
widgeon (hidori-gamo) of several species. Great preserves of wild-duck
and teal used to be a frequent feature in the parks attached to
the feudal castles of old Japan, when a peculiar method of netting
the birds or striking them with falcons was a favourite aristocratic
pastime. A few of such preserves still exist, and it is noticeable
that in the Palace-moats of Tōkyō all kinds of water-birds, attracted
by the absolute immunity they enjoy there, assemble in countless
numbers at the approach of winter and remain until the following
spring, wholly indifferent to the close proximity of the city.
Of reptiles Japan has only 30 species, and among them is included the marine turtle (umi-game) which can scarcely be said to frequent her waters, since it is seen only at rare intervals on the southern coast. This is even truer of the larger species (the shōgakubo, i.e. Chelonia cephalo). Both are highly valued for the sake of the shell, which has always been a favourite material for ladies’ combs and hairpins. By carefully selecting certain portions and welding them together in a perfectly flawless mass, a pure amber-coloured object is obtained at heavy cost. Of the fresh-water tortoise there are two kinds, the suppon (Trionyx japonica) and the kame-no-ko (Emys vulgaris japonica). The latter is one of the Japanese emblems of longevity. It is often depicted with a flowing tail, which appendix attests close observation of nature; for the mino-game, as it is called, represents a tortoise to which, in the course of many scores of years, confervae have attached themselves so as to form an appendage of long green locks as the creature swims about. Sea-snakes occasionally make their way to Japan, being carried thither by the Black Current (Kuro Shiwo) and the monsoon, but they must be regarded as merely fortuitous visitors. There are 10 species of land-snakes (hebi), among which one only (the mamushi, or Trigonocephalus Blomhoffi) is venomous. The others for the most part frequent the rice-fields and live upon frogs. The largest is the aodaisho (Elaphis virgatus), which sometimes attains a length of 5 ft., but is quite harmless. Lizards (tokage), frogs (kawazu or kaeru), toads (ebogayeru) and newts (imori) are plentiful, and much curiosity attaches to a giant salamander (sansho-uwo, called also hazekai and other names according to localities), which reaches to a length of 5 ft., and (according to Rein) is closely related to the Andrias Scheuchzeri of the Oeningen strata.
The seas surrounding the Japanese islands may be called a resort of fishes, for, in addition to numerous species which abide there permanently, there are migatory kinds, coming and going with the monsoons and with the great ocean streams that set to and from the shores. In winter, for example, when the northern monsoon begins to blow, numbers of denizens of the Sea of Okhotsk swim southward to the more genial waters of north Japan; and in summer the Indian Ocean and the Malayan archipelago send to her southern coasts a crowd of emigrants which turn homeward again at the approach of winter. It thus falls out that in spite of the enormous quantity of fish consumed as food or used as fertilizers year after year by the Japanese, the seas remain as richly stocked as ever. Nine orders of fishes have been distinguished as the piscifauna of Japanese waters. They may be found carefully catalogued with all their included species in Rein’s Japan, and highly interesting researches by Japanese physiographists are recorded in the Journal of the College of Science of the Imperial University of Tokyo. Briefly, the chief fish of Japan are the bream (tai), the perch (suzuki), the mullet (bora), the rock-fish (hatatate), the grunter (oni-o-koze), the mackerel (saba), the sword-fish (tachi-uwo), the wrasse (kusabi), the haddock (tara), the flounder (karei), and its congeners the sole (hirame) and the turbot (ishi-garei), the shad (namazu), the salmon (shake), the masu, the carp (koi), the funa, the gold fish (kingyo), the gold carp (higoi), the loach (dojo), the herring (nishin), the iwashi (Clupea melanosticta), the eel (unagi), the conger eel (anago), the coffer-fish (hako-uwo), the fugu (Tetrodon), the ai (Plecoglossus altivelis), the sayori (Hemiramphus sayori), the shark (same), the dogfish (manuka-zame), the ray (e), the sturgeon (chō-zame) and the maguro (Thynnus sibi).
The insect life of Japan broadly corresponds with that of temperate regions in Europe. But there are also a number of tropical species, notably among butterflies and beetles. The latter—for which the generic term in Japan is mushi or kaichū—include some beautiful species, from the “jewel beetle” (tama-mushi), the “gold beetle” (kogane-mushi) and the Chrysochroa fulgidissima, which glow and sparkle with the brilliancy of gold and precious stones, to the jet black Melanauster chinensis, which seems to have been fashioned out of lacquer spotted with white. There is also a giant nasicornous beetle. Among butterflies (chōchō) Rein gives prominence to the broad-winged kind (Papilio), which recall tropical brilliancy. One (Papilio macilentus) is peculiar to Japan. Many others seem to be practically identical with European species. That is especially true of the moths (yachō), 100 species of which have been identified with English types. There are seven large silk-moths, of which two only (Bombyx mori and Antheraea yama-mai) are employed in producing silk. Fishing lines are manufactured from the cocoons of the genjiki-mushi (Caligula japonica), which is one of the commonest moths in the islands. Wasps, bees and hornets, generically known as hachi, differ little from their European types, except that they are somewhat larger and more sluggish. The gad-fly (abu), the housefly (hai), the mosquito (ka), the flea (nomi) and occasionally the bedbug (called by the Japanese kara-mushi because it is believed to be imported from China), are all fully represented, and the dragon-fly (tombō) presents itself in immense numbers at certain seasons. Grasshoppers (batta) are abundant, and one kind (inago), which frequent the rice-fields when the cereal is ripening, are caught and fried in oil as an article of food. On the moors in late summer the mantis (kama-kiri-mushi) is commonly met with, and the cricket (kūrogi) and the cockroach abound. Particularly obtrusive is the cicada (semi), of which there are many species. Its strident voice is heard most loudly at times of great heat, when the song of the birds is hushed. The dragon-fly and the cicada afford ceaseless entertainment to the Japanese boy. He catches them by means of a rod smeared with bird-lime, and then tying a fine string under their wings, he flies them at its end. Spiders abound, from a giant species to one of the minutest dimensions, and the tree-bug is always ready to make a destructive lodgment in any sickly tree-stem. The scorpion (sasori) exists but is not poisonous.
Japanese rivers and lakes are the habitation of several—seven or eight—species of fresh-water crab (kani), which live in holes on the shore and emerge in the daytime, often moving to considerable distances from their homes. Shrimps (kawa-ebi) also are found in the rivers and rice-fields. These shrimps as well as a large species of crab—mokuzō-gani—serve the people as an article of food, but the small crabs which live in holes have no recognized raison d’être. In Japan, as elsewhere, the principal crustacea are found in the sea. Flocks of lupa and other species swim in the wake of the tropical fishes which move towards Japan at certain seasons. Naturally these migratory crabs are not limited to Japanese waters. Milne Edwards has identified ten species which occur in Australian seas also, and Rein mentions, as belonging to the same category, the “helmet-crab” or “horse-shoe crab” (kabuto-gani; Limulus longispina Hoeven). Very remarkable is the giant Taka-ashi—long legs (Macrocheirus Kaempferi), which has legs 112 metres long and is found in the seas of Japan and the Malay archipelago. There is no lobster on the coasts of Japan, but there are various species of crayfish (Palinurus and Scyllarus) the principal of which, under the names of ise-ebi (Palinurus japonicus) and kuruma-ebi (Penaeus canaliculatus) are greatly prized as an article of diet.
Already in 1882, Dunker in his Index Molluscorum Maris Japonici enumerated nearly 1200 species of marine molluscs found in the
