and the small lake of Scanno, is the coldest and most bleak part of
Italy south of the Alps. Heavy falls of snow in June are not uncommon,
and only for a short time towards the end of July are the
nights totally exempt from light frosts. Yet less than 40 m. E. of this
district, and even more to the north, the olive, the fig-tree and the
orange thrive luxuriantly on the shores of the Adriatic from Ortona
to Vasto. In the same way, whilst in the plains and hills round
Naples snow is rarely seen, and never remains long, and the thermometer
seldom descends to the freezing-point, 20 m. E. from it in the
fertile valley of Avellino, of no great elevation, but encircled by high
mountains, light frosts are not uncommon as late as June; and 18 m.
farther east, in the elevated region of San Angelo dei Lombardi and
Bisaccia, the inhabitants are always warmly clad, and vines grow
with difficulty and only in sheltered places. Still farther south-east,
Potenza has almost the coldest climate in Italy, and certainly the
lowest summer temperatures. But nowhere are these contrasts
so striking as in Calabria. The shores, especially on the Tyrrhenian
Sea, present almost a continued grove of olive, orange, lemon and
citron trees, which attain a size unknown in the north of Italy. The
sugar-cane flourishes, the cotton-plant ripens to perfection, date-trees
are seen in the gardens, the rocks are clothed with the prickly-pear
or Indian fig, the enclosures of the fields are formed by aloes and
sometimes pomegranates, the liquorice-root grows wild, and the
mastic, the myrtle and many varieties of oleander and cistus form
the underwood of the natural forests of arbutus and evergreen oak.
If we turn inland but 5 or 6 m. from the shore, and often even less,
the scene changes. High districts covered with oaks and chestnuts
succeed to this almost tropical vegetation; a little higher up and
we reach the elevated regions of the Pollino and the Sila, covered
with firs and pines, and affording rich pastures even in the midst of
summer, when heavy dews and light frosts succeed each other in July
and August, and snow begins to appear at the end of September or
early in October. Along the shores of the Adriatic, which are exposed
to the north-east winds, blowing coldly from over the Albanian
mountains, delicate plants do not thrive so well in general as under
the same latitude along the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Southern Italy indeed has in general a very different climate from the northern portion of the kingdom; and, though large tracts are still occupied by rugged mountains of sufficient elevation to retain the snow for a considerable part of the year, the districts adjoining the sea enjoy a climate similar to that of Greece and the southern provinces of Spain. Unfortunately several of these fertile tracts suffer severely from malaria (q.v.), and especially the great plain adjoining the Gulf of Tarentum, which in the early ages of history was surrounded by a girdle of Greek cities—some of which attained to almost unexampled prosperity—has for centuries past been given up to almost complete desolation.[1]
It is remarkable that, of the vegetable productions of Italy, many which are at the present day among the first to attract the attention of the visitor are of comparatively late introduction, and were unknown in ancient times. The olive indeed in all ages clothed the hills of a large part of the country; but the orange and lemon, are a late importation from the East, while the cactus or Indian fig and the aloe, both of them so conspicuous on the shores of southern Italy, as well as of the Riviera of Genoa, are of Mexican origin, and consequently could not have been introduced earlier than the 16th century. The same remark applies to the maize or Indian corn. Many botanists are even of opinion that the sweet chestnut, which now constitutes so large a part of the forests that clothe the sides both of the Alps and the Apennines, and in some districts supplies the chief food of the inhabitants, is not originally of Italian growth; it is certain that it had not attained in ancient times to anything like the extension and importance which it now possesses. The eucalyptus is of quite modern introduction; it has been extensively planted in malarious districts. The characteristic cypress, ilex and stone-pine, however, are native trees, the last-named flourishing especially near the coast. The proportion of evergreens is large, and has a marked effect on the landscape in winter.
Fauna.—The chamois, bouquetin and marmot are found only in the Alps, not at all in the Apennines. In the latter the bear was found in Roman times, and there are said to be still a few remaining. Wolves are more numerous, though only in the mountainous districts; the flocks are protected against them by large white sheepdogs, who have some wolf blood in them. Wild boars are also found in mountainous and forest districts. Foxes are common in the neighbourhood of Rome. The sea mammals include the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). The birds are similar to those of central Europe; in the mountains vultures, eagles, buzzards, kites, falcons and hawks are found. Partridges, woodcock, snipe, &c., are among the game birds; but all kinds of small birds are also shot for food, and their number is thus kept down, while many members of the migratory species are caught by traps in the foothills on the south side of the Alps, especially near the Lake of Como, on their passage. Large numbers of quails are shot in the spring. Among reptiles, the various kinds of lizard are noticeable. There are several varieties of snakes, of which three species (all vipers) are poisonous. Of sea-fish there are many varieties, the tunny, the sardine and the anchovy being commercially the most important. Some of the other edible fish, such as the palombo, are not found in northern waters. Small cuttlefish are in common use as an article of diet. Tortoiseshell, an important article of commerce, is derived from the Thalassochelys caretta, a sea turtle. Of freshwater fish the trout of the mountain streams and the eels of the coast lagoons may be mentioned. The tarantula spider and the scorpion are found in the south of Italy. The aquarium of the zoological station at Naples contains the finest collection in the world of marine animals, showing the wonderful variety of the different species of fish, molluscs, crustacea, &c., found in the Mediterranean. (E. H. B.; T. As.)
Population.—The following table indicates the areas of the several provinces (sixty-nine in number), and the population of each according to the censuses of the 31st of December 1881 and the 9th of February 1901. (The larger divisions or compartments in which the provinces are grouped are not officially recognized.)
| Provinces and Compartments. | Area in sq. m. | Population. | |
| 1881. | 1901. | ||
| Alessandria | 1950 | 729,710 | 825,745 |
| Cuneo | 2882 | 635,400 | 670,504 |
| Novara | 2553 | 675,926 | 763,830 |
| Turin | 3955 | 1,029,214 | 1,147,414 |
| Piedmont | 11,340 | 3,070,250 | 3,407,493 |
| Genoa | 1582 | 760,122 | 931,156 |
| Porto Maurizio | 455 | 132,251 | 144,604 |
| Liguria | 2037 | 892,373 | 1,075,760 |
| Bergamo | 1098 | 390,775 | 467,549 |
| Brescia | 1845 | 471,568 | 541,765 |
| Como | 1091 | 515,050 | 594,304 |
| Cremona | 695 | 302,097 | 329,471 |
| Mantua | 912 | 295,728 | 315,448 |
| Milan | 1223 | 1,114,991 | 1,450,214 |
| Pavia | 1290 | 469,831 | 504,382 |
| Sondrio | 1232 | 120,534 | 130,966 |
| Lombardy | 9386 | 3,680,574 | 4,334,099 |
| Belluno | 1293 | 174,140 | 214,803 |
| Padua | 823 | 397,762 | 444,360 |
| Rovigo | 685 | 217,700 | 222,057 |
| Treviso | 960 | 375,704 | 416,945 |
| Udine | 2541 | 501,745 | 614,720 |
| Venice | 934 | 356,708 | 399,823 |
| Verona | 1188 | 394,065 | 427,018 |
| Vicenza | 1052 | 396,349 | 453,621 |
| Venetia | 9476 | 2,814,173 | 3,193,347 |
| Bologna | 1448 | 464,879 | 529,619 |
| Ferrara | 1012 | 230,807 | 270,558 |
| Forlì | 725 | 251,110 | 283,996 |
| Modena | 987 | 279,254 | 323,598 |
| Parma | 1250 | 267,306 | 303,694 |
| Piacenza | 954 | 226,758 | 250,491 |
| Ravenna | 715 | 218,359 | 234,656 |
| Reggio (Emilia) | 876 | 244,959 | 281,085 |
| Emilia | 7967 | 2,183,432 | 2,477,697 |
| Arezzo | 1273 | 238,744 | 275,588 |
| Florence | 2265 | 790,776 | 945,324 |
| Grosseto | 1738 | 114,295 | 137,795 |
| Leghorn | 133 | 121,612 | 121,137 |
| Lucca | 558 | 284,484 | 329,986 |
| Massa and Carrara | 687 | 169,469 | 202,749 |
| Pisa | 1179 | 283,563 | 319,854 |
| Siena | 1471 | 205,926 | 233,874 |
| Tuscany | 9304 | 2,208,869 | 2,566,307 |
| Ancona | 762 | 267,338 | 308,346 |
| Ascoli Piceno | 796 | 209,185 | 251,829 |
| Macerata | 1087 | 239,713 | 269,505 |
| Pesaro and Urbino | 1118 | 223,043 | 259,083 |
| Marches | 3763 | 939,279 | 1,088,763 |
| Perugia—Umbria | 3748 | 572,060 | 675,352 |
| Rome—Lazio | 4663 | 903,472 | 1,142,526 |
| Aquila degli Abruzzi (Abruzzo Ulteriore II.) | 2484 | 353,027 | 436,367 |
| Campobasso (Molise) | 1691 | 365,434 | 389,967 |
| Chieti (Abruzzo Citeriore) | 1138 | 343,948 | 387,604 |
| Teramo (Abruzzo Ulteriore I.) | 1067 | 254,806 | 312,188 |
| Abruzzi and Molise | 6380 | 1,317,215 | 1,526,135 |
| Avellino (Principato Ulteriore) | 1172 | 392,619 | 421,766 |
| Benevento | 818 | 238,425 | 265,460 |
| Caserta (Terra di Lavoro) | 2033 | 714,131 | 805,345 |
| Naples | 350 | 1,001,245 | 1,141,788 |
| Salerno (Principato Citeriore) | 1916 | 550,157 | 585,132 |
| Campania | 6289 | 2,896,577 | 3,219,491 |
| Bari delle Puglie (Terra di Bari) | 2065 | 679,499 | 837,683 |
| Foggia (Capitanata) | 2688 | 356,267 | 421,115 |
| Lecce (Terra di Otranto) | 2623 | 553,298 | 705,382 |
| Apulia | 7376 | 1,589,064 | 1,964,180 |
| Potenza (Basilicata) | 3845 | 524,504 | 491,558 |
| Catanzaro (Calabria Ulteriore II.) | 2030 | 433,975 | 498,791 |
| Cosenza (Calabria Citeriore) | 2568 | 451,185 | 503,329 |
| Reggio di Calabria (Calabria Ulteriore I.) | 1221 | 372,723 | 437,209 |
| Calabria | 5819 | 1,257,883 | 1,439,329 |
| Caltanisetta | 1263 | 266,379 | 329,449 |
| Catania | 1917 | 563,457 | 703,598 |
| Girgenti | 1172 | 312,487 | 380,666 |
| Messina | 1246 | 460,924 | 550,895 |
| Palermo | 1948 | 699,151 | 796,151 |
| Syracuse | 1442 | 341,526 | 433,796 |
| Trapani | 948 | 283,977 | 373,569 |
| Sicily | 9936 | 2,927,901 | 3,568,124 |
| Cagliari | 5204 | 420,635 | 486,767 |
| Sassari | 4090 | 261,367 | 309,026 |
| Sardinia | 9294 | 682,002 | 795,793 |
| Kingdom of Italy | 110,623 | 28,459,628 | 32,965,504 |
- ↑ On the influence of malaria on the population of Early Italy see W. H. S. Jones in Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, ii. 97 sqq. (Liverpool, 1909).
