the Sharki dynasty ruled at Jaunpur, and proved formidable rivals to the sovereigns of Delhi. The last of the dynasty was Sultan Husain, who passed his life in a fierce and chequered struggle for supremacy with Bahlol Lodi, then actual emperor at Delhi. At length, in 1478, Bahlol succeeded in defeating his rival in a series of decisive engagements. He took the city of Jaunpur, but permitted the conquered Husain to reside there, and to complete the building of his great mosque, the Jama Masjid, which now forms the chief ornament of the town. Many other architectural works in the district still bear witness to its greatness under its independent Mussulman rulers. In 1775 the district was made over to the British by the Treaty of Lucknow. From that time nothing occurred which calls for notice till the Mutiny. On the 5th of June 1857, when the news of the Benares revolt reached Jaunpur, the sepoys mutinied. The district continued in a state of complete anarchy till the arrival of the Gurkha force from Azamgarh in September. In November the surrounding country was lost again, and it was not till May 1858 that the last smouldering embers of disaffection were stifled by the repulse of the insurgent leader at the hands of the people themselves.
See A. Führer, The Shargi Architecture of Jaunpur (1889).
JAUNTING-CAR, a light two-wheeled carriage for a single
horse, in its commonest form with seats for four persons placed
back to back, with the foot-boards projecting over the wheels.
It is the typical conveyance for persons in Ireland (see Car).
The first part of the word is generally taken to be identical with
the verb “to jaunt,” now only used in the sense of to go on a
short pleasure excursion, but in its earliest uses meaning to make
a horse caracole or prance, hence to jolt or bump up and down.
It would apparently be a variant of “jaunce,” of the same meaning,
which is supposed to be taken from O. Fr. jancer. Skeat
takes the origin of jaunt and jaunce to be Scandinavian, and
connects them with the Swedish dialect word ganta, to romp;
and he finds cognate bases in such words as “jump,” “high
jinks.” The word “jaunty,” sprightly, especially used of anything
done with an easy nonchalant air, is a corruption of
“janty,” due to confusion with “jaunt.” “Janty,” often spelt
in the 17th and 18th centuries “janté” or “jantee,” represents
the English pronunciation of Fr. gentil, well-bred, neat,
spruce.
JAUREGUI, JUAN (1562–1582), a Biscayan by birth, was in
1582 in the service of a Spanish merchant, Gaspar d’Anastro,
who was resident at Antwerp. Tempted by the reward of
80,000 ducats offered by Philip II. of Spain for the assassination
of William the Silent, prince of Orange, but being himself without
courage to undertake the task, d’Anastro, with the help of
his cashier Venero, persuaded Jauregui to attempt the murder
for the sum of 2877 crowns. On Sunday the 18th of March
1582, as the prince came out of his dining-room Jauregui offered
him a petition, and William had no sooner taken it into his hand
than Jauregui fired a pistol at his head. The ball pierced the
neck below the right ear and passed out at the left jaw-bone;
but William ultimately recovered. The assassin was killed on
the spot.
JAURÉGUIBERRY, JEAN BERNARD (1815–1887), French
admiral, was born at Bayonne on the 26th of August 1815. He
entered the navy in 1831, was made a lieutenant in 1845,
commander in 1856, and captain in 1860. After serving in the
Crimea and in China, and being governor of Senegal, he was
promoted to rear-admiral in 1869. He served on land during
the second part of the Franco-German War of 1870–71, in the
rank of auxiliary general of division. He was present at
Coulmiers, Villépion and Loigny-Poupry, in command of a division,
and in Chanzy’s retreat upon Le Mans and the battle at that
place in command of a corps. He was the most distinguished
of the many naval officers who did good service in the military
operations. On the 9th of December he had been made vice-admiral, and in 1871 he commanded the fleet at Toulon; in 1875 he was a member of the council of admiralty; and in October 1876 he was appointed to command the evolutionary squadron in the Mediterranean. In February 1879 he became minister of
the navy in the Waddington cabinet, and on the 27th of May
following was elected a senator for life. He was again minister
of the navy in the Freycinet cabinet in 1880. A fine example of
the fighting French seaman of his time, Jauréguiberry died at
Paris on the 21st of October 1887.
JÁUREGUI Y AGUILAR, JUAN MARTÍNEZ DE (1583–1641),
Spanish poet, was baptized at Seville on the 24th of November
1583. In due course he studied at Rome, returning to Spain
shortly before 1610 with a double reputation as a painter and a
poet. A reference in the preface to the Novelas exemplares has
been taken to mean that he painted the portrait of Cervantes,
who, in the second part of Don Quixote, praises the translation
of Tasso’s Aminta published at Rome in 1607. Jáuregui’s
Rimas (1618), a collection of graceful lyrics, is preceded by a
controversial preface which attracted much attention on account
of its outspoken declaration against culteranismo. Through the
influence of Olivares, he was appointed groom of the chamber
to Philip IV., and gave an elaborate exposition of his artistic
doctrines in the Discurso poético contra el hablar culto y oscuro
(1624), a skilful attack on the new theories, which procured for
its author the order of Calatrava. It is plain, however, that the
shock of controversy had shaken Jáuregui’s convictions, and
his poem Orfeo (1624) is visibly influenced by Góngora. Jáuregui
died at Madrid on the 11th of January 1641, leaving behind him
a translation of the Pharsalia which was not published till 1684.
This rendering reveals Jáuregui as a complete convert to the
new school, and it has been argued that, exaggerating the
affinities between Lucan and Góngora—both of Cordovan
descent—he deliberately translated the thought of the earlier
poet into the vocabulary of the later master. This is possible;
but it is at least as likely that Jáuregui unconsciously yielded to
the current of popular taste, with no other intention than that
of conciliating the public of his own day.
JAURÈS, JEAN LÉON (1859– ), French Socialist leader,
was born at Castres (Tarn) on the 3rd of September 1859. He
was educated at the lycée Louis-le-Grand and the école normale
supérieure, and took his degree as associate in philosophy in
1881. After teaching philosophy for two years at the lycée of
Albi (Tarn), he lectured at the university of Toulouse. He was
elected republican deputy for the department of Tarn in 1885.
In 1889, after unsuccessfully contesting Castres, he returned to
his professional duties at Toulouse, where he took an active
interest in municipal affairs, and helped to found the medical
faculty of the university. He also prepared two theses for his
doctorate in philosophy, De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis
apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel (1891), and De la
réalité du monde sensible. In 1902 he gave energetic support to
the miners of Carmaux who went out on strike in consequence
of the dismissal of a socialist workman, Calvignac; and in the
next year he was re-elected to the chamber as deputy for Albi.
Although he was defeated at the elections of 1898 and was for
four years outside the chamber, his eloquent speeches made him
a force in politics as an intellectual champion of socialism. He
edited the Petite République, and was one of the most energetic
defenders of Captain Alfred Dreyfus. He approved of the
inclusion of M. Millerand, the socialist, in the Waldeck-Rousseau
ministry, though this led to a split with the more revolutionary
section led by M. Guesde. In 1902 he was again returned as
deputy for Albi, and during the Combes administration his influence
secured the coherence of the radical-socialist coalition
known as the bloc. In 1904 he founded the socialist paper,
L’Humanité. The French socialist groups held a congress at
Rouen in March 1905, which resulted in a new consolidation;
the new party, headed by MM. Jaurès and Guesde, ceased to
co-operate with the radicals and radical-socialists, and became
known as the unified socialists, pledged to advance a collectivist
programme. At the general elections of 1906 M. Jaurès was
again elected for the Tarn. His ability and vigour were now
generally recognized; but the strength of the socialist party, and
the practical activity of its leader, still had to reckon with the
equally practical and vigorous liberalism of M. Clemenceau.
The latter was able to appeal to his countrymen (in a notable
