square of 45 to 46 ft. each side. The building fronts the west, and
is constructed of an andesitic tuff of inferior quality and dark
colour. Of distinctly Buddhistic influence there is no trace.
The makara (elephant-fish head) is notably absent. The sculptures
which run round the base and along the sides of the platforms or
terraces are of the most elaborate and varied description—kings on
thrones, dwarfs, elephants, supernatural beings, diabolical and
grotesque, tree-monsters, palaces, temples, courtyards, lakes, gardens,
forests—all are represented. In one place appears a Chinese—or
Burmese-looking seven-roofed pagoda; in another, a tall temple
strangely split down the centre, with a flight of steps running up the
fissure. The inscriptions are in the Devanagari character. In the
same neighbourhood are Ch. Singossari, Ch. Kidal, &c. Another of
the most beautiful of the eastern temples is Ch. Jabung, mentioned in
1330. It is built of red brick; and its distinctly Javanese origin is
suggested by the frequency of the snake-motif still characteristic
of modern Javanese art. It may be added that a comparison of the
several buildings of the zone affords an interesting study in the
development of the pilaster as a decorative rather than structural
element.
At Panabaram, near Blitar, Kediri, is another group of stone temples and other buildings. The chief temple is remarkable for the richness of its sculptures, which are peculiarly delicate and spirited in their details. The decoration of the mere robes of one of the free-standing stairway-guardians consists of scroll-work, interspersed with birds and animals rendered in a non-Indian style, reminiscent of Chinese or Japanese work. It has been described as one of the most beautiful pieces of sculpture in all the East.
Sculptures from the temples are scattered far and wide throughout Java, and it is one of the greatest difficulties of the archaeologist to determine the origin of many of the most interesting specimens. This, too, is often the case with those that have found their way to the museums of Java and Europe (Batavia, Leiden, Haarlem, Berlin, &c.). Minor relics of the past are to be found alike in the palaces of the nobles and the huts of the highland peasants. Zodiac cups of copper or bronze dating from the 12th or 13th century are in daily use among the Tenggerese. The musical instruments used by the musicians of the native courts are often prized on account of their great antiquity.
As many of the Chinese came from China centuries ago and have not ceased to hold intercourse with their native country, the houses of the wealthier men among them are often rich in ancient specimens of Chinese art. The special exhibition organized by Henri Borel and other enthusiasts showed how much of value in this matter might be brought together in spite of the reluctance of the owners to commit the sacrilege of exposing to public gaze the images of their ancestral gods and heroes. Borel has given exquisite examples of images of Kwan-yin (the Chinese Virgin-Goddess), of Buddhas, of the ghoulish god of literature, of Lie-tai-Peh (the Chinese poet who has gone to live in the planet Venus), &c., in illustration of his papers in L’Art flamand et hollandais, pt. v. (1900), a translation of his monograph published at Batavia.
Authorities.—Besides the special works quoted passim, see Sir Stamford Raffles, History of Java (London, 1830); F. Junghuhn, Java: seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke, und innere Bauart (Ger. trans. by J. K. Hasskarl, Leipzig, 1854–1857); P. J. Veth, Java, Geographisch, ethnologisch, historisch (2nd ed., Haarlem, 1896–1903), a masterly compendium originally based largely on Junghuhn’s descriptions; L. van Deventer, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders op Java (2nd ed., Haarlem, 1895); L. W. C. van den Berg, Le Hadhramout et les colonies arabes dans l’archipel indien (Batavia, 1886); E. R. Scidmore, Java, the Garden of the East (New York, 1898); J. Chailley-Bert, Java et ses habitants (Paris, 1900); C. Day, The Policy and Administration of the Dutch in Java (London, 1904); E. S. de Klerck, De Java-Oorlog van 1825–1830 (Batavia, 1905); Encyclopaedie v. N. Indië, art. “Java;” Guide à travers l’Exposition de Paris (The Hague, 1900), with articles by specialists on each department of the Dutch colonies, more particularly Java; Koloniale Verslagen en Regeerings-almanak van N. Indië, being official publications of the Dutch and Dutch East-Indian Government (see also Malay Archipelago). (H. A. W.; O. J. R. H.)
JAVELIN, a spear, particularly one light enough to be thrown,
a dart. The javelin was often provided with a thong to help in
casting (see Spear). Javelin-throwing is one of the contests in
the athletic section at the international Olympic games. Formerly
the sheriff of a county or borough had a body of men
armed with javelins, and known as javelin-men, who acted
as a bodyguard for the judges when they went on assize. Their
duties are now performed by the ordinary police. The word
itself is an adaptation of Fr. javeline. There are several words
in Celtic and Scandinavian languages and in Old English,
meaning a spear or dart, that seem to be connected with javel,
the base form in French; thus Welsh gaflach, Irish gabhla,
O. Norwegian gaflok, O. E. gafeluc, later in the form gavelock, cf.
O. Norman-Fr. gavelot, javelot, Ital. giavelotto. The origin
seems to be Celtic, and the word is cognate with Ir. gafa, a hook,
fork, gaff; the root is seen in “gable” (q.v.), and in the German
Gabel, fork. The change in meaning from fork, forked end
of a spear, to the spear itself is obscure.
JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected
with “chaw” and “chew,” and in form with “jowl”),
in anatomy, the term for the upper maxillary bone, and the
mandible or lower maxillary bone of the skull; it is sometimes
loosely applied to all the lower front parts of the skull (q.v.).
JAWĀLĪQĪ, Abu Manṣūr Mauhūb ul-Jawālīqī (1073–1145),
Arabian grammarian, was born at Bagdad, where he studied
philology under Tibrīzī and became famous for his handwriting.
In his later years he acted as imam to the caliph Moqtafi. His
chief work is the Kitāb ul-Muʽarrab, or “Explanation of Foreign
Words used in Arabic.”
The text was edited from an incomplete manuscript by E. Sachau (Leipzig, 1867). Many of the lacunae in this have been supplied from another manuscript by W. Spitta in the Journal of the German Oriental Society, xxxiii. 208 sqq. Another work, written as a supplement to the Durrat ul-Ghawwās of Harīrī (q.v.), has been published as “Le Livre des locutions vicieuses,” by H. Derenbourg in Morgenländische Forschungen (Leipzig, 1875), pp. 107–166. (G. W. T.)
JAWHAR, a native state of India, in the Konkan division of Bombay, situated among the lower ranges of the western Ghats. Area 310 sq. m. Pop. (1901), 47,538. The estimated revenue is £11,000; there is no tribute. The chief, who is a Koli by caste, traces back his descent to 1343. The leading exports are teak and rice. The principal village is that of Jawhar (pop. 3567).
JAWORÓW, a town in Galicia, Austria, 30 m. W. of Lemberg.
Pop. (1900), 10,090. It has a pottery, a brewery, a distillery
and some trade in agricultural produce. Not far from it is the
watering-place of Szkto with sulphur springs. The town was a
favourite residence of John Sobieski, who there received the
congratulations of the pope and the Venetian republic on his
success against the Turks at Vienna (1683). At Jaworów Peter
the Great was betrothed to Catherine I.
JAY, JOHN (1745–1829), American statesman, the descendant
of a Huguenot family, and son of Peter Jay, a successful New
York merchant, was born in New York City on the 12th of
December 1745. On graduating at King’s College (now Columbia
University) in 1764, Jay entered the office of Benjamin
Kissam, an eminent New York lawyer. In 1768 he was admitted
to the bar, and rapidly acquired a lucrative practice. In 1774
he married Sarah, youngest daughter of William Livingston,
and was thus brought into close relations with one of the most
influential families in New York. Like many other able young
lawyers, Jay took an active part in the proceedings that resulted
in the independence of the United States, identifying himself
with the conservative element in the Whig or patriot party. He
was sent as a delegate from New York City to the Continental
Congress at Philadelphia in September 1774, and though almost
the youngest member, was entrusted with drawing up the
address to the people of Great Britain. Of the second congress,
also, which met at Philadelphia on the 10th of May 1775,
Jay was a member; and on its behalf he prepared an address
to the people of Canada and an address to the people of Jamaica
and Ireland. In April 1776, while still retaining his seat
in the Continental Congress, Jay was chosen as a member of
the third provincial congress of New York; and his consequent
absence from Philadelphia deprived him of the honour of affixing his signature to the Declaration of Independence. As a member of the fourth provincial congress he drafted a resolution by which the delegates of New York in the Continental
Congress were authorized to sign the Declaration of Independence.
In 1777 he was chairman of the committee of the convention
which drafted the first New York state constitution.
After acting for some time as one of the council of safety (which
administered the state government until the new constitution
came into effect), he was made chief justice of New York state,
in September 1777. A clause in the state constitution prohibited
any justice of the Supreme Court from holding any other
post save that of delegate to Congress on a “special occasion,”
