(see Henry IV.), and the defensive alliance between France and the United Netherlands in 1608. As superintendent of finances under Louis XIII., he tried to establish harmony between the king and the queen-mother.
See Berger de Xivrey, Lettres missives de Henri IV. (in the Collection inédite pour l’histoire de France), t. v. (1850); P(ierre) S(aumaise), Eloge sur la vie de Pierre Janin (Dijon, 1623); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, t. x. (May 1854).
JEBB, JOHN (1736–1786), English divine, was educated at
Cambridge, where he was elected fellow of Peterhouse in 1761,
having previously been second wrangler. He was a man of
independent judgment and warmly supported the movement of
1771 for abolishing university and clerical subscription to the
Thirty-nine Articles. In his lectures on the Greek Testament he
is said to have expressed Socinian views. In 1775 he resigned
his Suffolk church livings, and two years afterwards graduated
M.D. at St Andrews. He practised medicine in London and was
elected F.R.S. in 1779.
Another John Jebb (1775–1833), bishop of Limerick, is best known as the author of Sacred Literature (London, 1820).
JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE (1841–1905), English
classical scholar, was born at Dundee on the 27th of August
1841. His father was a well-known barrister, and his grandfather
a judge. He was educated at Charterhouse and at
Trinity College, Cambridge. He won the Porson and Craven
scholarships, was senior classic in 1862, and became fellow and
tutor of his college in 1863. From 1869 to 1875 he was public
orator of the university; professor of Greek at Glasgow from 1875
to 1889, and at Cambridge from 1889 till his death on the 9th of
December 1905. In 1891 he was elected member of parliament
for Cambridge University; he was knighted in 1900. Jebb was
acknowledged to be one of the most brilliant classical scholars of
his time, a humanist in the best sense, and his powers of translation
from and into the classical languages were unrivalled. A
collected volume, Translations into Greek and Latin, appeared
in 1873 (ed. 1909). He was the recipient of many honorary
degrees from European and American universities, and in 1905
was made a member of the Order of Merit. He married in
1874 the widow of General A. J. Slemmer, of the United States
army, who survived him.
Jebb was the author of numerous publications, of which the following are the most important: The Characters of Theophrastus (1870), text, introduction, English translation and commentary (re-edited by J. E. Sandys, 1909); The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus (2nd ed., 1893), with companion volume, Selections from the Attic Orators (2nd ed., 1888); Bentley (1882); Sophocles (3rd ed., 1893) the seven plays, text, English translation and notes, the promised edition of the fragments being prevented by his death; Bacchylides (1905), text, translation, and notes; Homer (3rd ed., 1888), an introduction to the Iliad and Odyssey; Modern Greece (1901); The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry (1893). His translation of the Rhetoric of Aristotle was published posthumously under the editorship of J. E. Sandys (1909). A selection from his Essays and Addresses, and a subsequent volume, Life and Letters of Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb (with critical introduction by A. W. Verrall) were published by his widow in 1907; see also an appreciative notice by J. E. Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship, iii. (1908).
JEBEIL (anc. Gebal-Byblus), a town of Syria pleasantly
situated on a slight eminence near the sea, about 20 m. N. of
Beirut. It is surrounded by a wall 112 m. in circumference, with
square towers at the angles, and a castle at the south-east corner.
Numerous broken granite columns in the gardens and vineyards
that surround the town, with the number of ruined houses within
the walls, testify to its former importance. The stele of Jehawmelek,
king of Gebal, found here, is one of the most important
of Phoenician monuments. The small port is almost choked up
with sand and ruins. Pop. 3000, all Moslems.
The inhabitants of the Phoenician Gebal and Greek Byblus were renowned as stonecutters and ship-builders. Arrian (ii. 20.1) represents Enylus, king of Byblus, as joining Alexander with a fleet, after that monarch had captured the city. Philo of Byblus makes it the most ancient city of Phoenicia, founded by Cronus, i.e. the Moloch who appears from the stele of Jehawmelek to have been with Baalit the chief deity of the city. According to Plutarch (Mor. 357), the ark with the corpse of Osiris was cast ashore at Byblus, and there found by Isis. The orgies of Adonis in the temple of Baalit (Aphrodite Byblia) are described by Lucian, De Dea Syr., cap. vi. The river Adonis is the Nahr al-Ibrahim, which flows near the town. The crusaders, after failing before it in 1099, captured “Giblet” in 1103, but lost it again to Saladin in 1189. Under Mahommedan rule it has gradually (D. G. H.) decayed.
JEBEL (plur. jibāl), also written Gebel with hard g (plur.
gibāl), an Arabic word meaning a mountain or a mountain chain.
It is frequently used in place-names. The French transliteration
of the word is djebel. Jebeli signifies a mountaineer. The pronunciation
with a hard g sound is that used in the Egyptian
dialect of Arabic.
JEDBURGH, a royal and police burgh and county-town of
Roxburghshire, Scotland. Pop. of police burgh (1901), 3136.
It is situated on Jed Water, a tributary of the Teviot, 5614 m. S.E.
of Edinburgh by the North British railway, via Roxburgh and
St Boswells (49 m. by road), and 10 m. from the border at
Catcleuch Shin, a peak of the Cheviots, 1742 ft. high. Of the
name Jedburgh there have been many variants, the earliest being
Gedwearde (800), Jedwarth (1251), and Geddart (1586), while
locally the word is sometimes pronounced Jethart. The town
is situated on the left bank of the Jed, the main streets running
at right angles from each side of the central market-place. Of
the renowned group of Border abbeys—Jedburgh, Melrose,
Dryburgh and Kelso—that of Jedburgh is the stateliest. In
1118, according to tradition, but more probably as late as 1138,
David, prince of Cumbria, here founded a priory for Augustinian
monks from the abbey of St Quentin at Beauvais in France, and
in 1147, after he had become king, erected it into an abbey
dedicated to the Virgin. Repeatedly damaged in Border warfare,
it was ruined in 1544–45 during the English invasion led by
Sir Ralph Evers (or Eure). The establishment was suppressed
in 1559, the revenues being temporarily annexed to the Crown.
After changing owners more than once, the lands were purchased
in 1637 by the 3rd earl of Lothian. Latterly five of the bays at
the west end had been utilized as the parish church, but in 1873–1875
the 9th marquess of Lothian built a church for the service
of the parish, and presented it to the heritors in exchange for the
ruined abbey in order to prevent the latter from being injured
by modern additions and alterations.
The abbey was built of Old Red sandstone, and belongs mostly to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th centuries. The architecture is mixed, and the abbey is a beautiful example of the Norman and Transition styles. The total length is 235 ft., the nave being 13312 ft. long and 5912 ft. wide. The west front contains a great Norman porch and a fine wheel window. The nave, on each side, has nine pointed arches in the basement storey, nine round arches in the triforium, and thirty-six pointed arches in the clerestory, through which an arcade is carried on both sides. The tower, at the intersection of the nave and transepts, is of unusually massive proportions, being 30 ft. square and fully 100 ft. high; the network baluster round the top is modern. With the exception of the north piers and a small portion of the wall above, which are Norman, the tower dates from the end of the 15th century. The whole of the south transept has perished. The north transept, with early Decorated windows, has been covered in and walled off, and is the burial-ground of the Kerrs of Fernihirst, ancestors of the marquess of Lothian. The earliest tombstone is dated 1524; one of the latest is the recumbent effigy, by G. F. Watts, R.A., of the 8th marquess of Lothian (1832–1870). All that is left of the choir, which contains some very early Norman work, is two bays with three tiers on each side, corresponding to the design of the nave. It is supposed that the aisle, with Decorated window and groined roof, south of the chancel, formed the grammar school (removed from the abbey in 1751) in which Samuel Rutherford (1600–1661), principal of St Mary’s College, St Andrews, and James Thomson, author of The Seasons, were educated. The door leading from the south aisle into a herbaceous garden, formerly the cloister, is an exquisite copy of one which had become greatly decayed. It was designed by Sir Rowand Anderson, under whose superintendence restoration in the abbey was carried out.
The castle stood on high ground at the south end of the burgh, or “town-head.” Erected by David I., it was one of the strongholds ceded to England in 1174, under the treaty of Falaise, for the ransom of William the Lion. It was, however, so often captured by the English that it became a menace rather than a protection, and the townsfolk demolished it in 1409. It had
