became a clerk in the secretary’s department of the admiralty. He died in London on the 7th of July 1874. His poem on Mary Queen of Scots was published about 1831, and was followed by a collection of poems entitled Tales of the Dead. He also wrote a drama, Richard III., and a fragmentary poem entitled London. None of these ventures achieved any success, but his numerous historical works are written with vivacity and interest, and, in their own style, are an important contribution to the history of England. They include Memoirs of the Court of England during the Reign of the Stuarts (1840), Memoirs of the Court of England from the Revolution of 1688 to the Death of George II. (1843), George Selwyn and his Contemporaries (1843, new ed. 1882), Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents (1845), Memoirs of Richard the Third and his Contemporaries (1861), and Memoirs of the Life and Reign of King George the Third (1867). The titles of these works are sufficiently indicative of their character. They are sketches of the principal personages and of the social details of various periods in the history of England rather than complete and comprehensive historical narratives. In addition to these works Jesse wrote Literary and Historical Memorials of London (1847), London and its Celebrities (1850), and a new edition of this work as London: its Celebrated Characters and Remarkable Places (1871). His Memoirs of Celebrated Etonians appeared in 1875.
A collected edition containing most of his works in thirty volumes was published in London in 1901.
JESSEL, SIR GEORGE (1824–1883), English judge, was born
in London on the 13th of February 1824. He was the son of
Zadok Aaron Jessel, a Jewish coral merchant. George Jessel
was educated at a school for Jews at Kew, and being prevented by
then existing religious disabilities from proceeding to Oxford or
Cambridge, went to University College, London. He entered as a
student at Lincoln’s Inn in 1842, and a year later took his B.A.
degree at the university of London, becoming M.A. and gold
medallist in mathematics and natural philosophy in 1844. In
1846 he became a fellow of University College, and in 1847 he was
called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn. His earnings during his first
three years at the bar were 52, 346, and 795 guineas, from which
it will be seen that his rise to a tolerably large practice was rapid.
His work, however, was mainly conveyancing, and for long his
income remained almost stationary. By degrees, however, he
got more work, and was called within the bar in 1865, becoming a
bencher of his Inn in the same year and practising in the Rolls
Court. Jessel entered parliament as Liberal member for Dover
in 1868, and although neither his intellect nor his oratory was of a
class likely to commend itself to his fellow-members, he attracted
Gladstone’s attention by two learned speeches on the Bankruptcy
Bill which was before the house in 1869, with the result that in
1871 he was appointed solicitor-general. His reputation at this
time stood high in the chancery courts; on the common law side he
was unknown, and on the first occasion upon which he came into
the court of Queen’s bench to move on behalf of the Crown, there
was very nearly a collision between him and the bench. His forceful
and direct method of bringing his arguments home to the
bench was not modified in his subsequent practice before it. His
great powers were fully recognized; his business in addition to that
on behalf of the Crown became very large, and his income for three
years before he was raised to the bench amounted to nearly
£25,000 per annum. In 1873 Jessel succeeded Lord Romilly as
master of the rolls. From 1873 to 1881 Jessel sat as a judge
of first instance in the rolls court, being also a member of the
court of appeal. In November 1874 the first Judicature Act came
into effect, and in 1881 the Judicature Act of that year made the
master of the rolls the ordinary president of the first court of
appeal, relieving him of his duties as a judge of first instance. In
the court of appeal Jessel presided almost to the day of his
death. For some time before 1883 he suffered from diabetes with
chronic disorder of the heart and liver, but struggled against it;
on the 16th of March 1883 he sat in court for the last time, and
on the 21st of March he died at his residence in London, the
immediate cause of death being cardiac syncope.
As a judge of first instance Jessel was a revelation to those accustomed to the proverbial slowness of the chancery courts and of the master of the rolls who preceded him. He disposed of the business before him with rapidity combined with correctness of judgment, and he not only had no arrears himself, but was frequently able to help other judges to clear their lists. His knowledge of law and equity was wide and accurate, and his memory for cases and command of the principles laid down in them extraordinary. In the rolls court he never reserved a judgment, not even in the Epping Forest case (Commissioners of Sewers v. Glasse, L.R. 19 Eq.; The Times, 11th November 1874), in which the evidence and arguments lasted twenty-two days (150 witnesses being examined in court, while the documents went back to the days of King John), and in the court of appeal he did so only twice, and then in deference to the wishes of his colleagues. The second of these two occasions was the case of Robarts v. The Corporation of London (49 Law Times 455; The Times, 10th March 1883), and those who may read Jessel’s judgment should remember that, reviewing as it does the law and custom on the subject, and the records of the city with regard to the appointment of a remembrancer from the 16th century, together with the facts of the case before the court, it occupied nearly an hour to deliver, but was nevertheless delivered without notes—this, too, on the 9th of March 1883, when the judge who uttered it was within a fortnight of his death. Never during the 19th century was the business of any court performed so rapidly, punctually, and satisfactorily as it was when Jessel presided. He was master of the rolls at a momentous period of legal history. The Judicature Acts, completing the fusion of law and equity, were passed while he was judge of first instance, and were still new to the courts when he died. His knowledge and power of assimilating knowledge of all subjects, his mastery of every branch of law with which he had to concern himself, as well as of equity, together with his willingness to give effect to the new system, caused it to be said when he died that the success of the Judicature Acts would have been impossible without him. His faults as a judge lay in his disposition to be intolerant of those who, not able to follow the rapidity of his judgment, endeavoured to persist in argument after he had made up his mind; but though he was peremptory with the most eminent counsel, young men had no cause to complain of his treatment of them.
Jessel sat on the royal commission for the amendment of the Medical Acts, taking an active part in the preparation of its report. He actively interested himself in the management of London University, of which he was a fellow from 1861, and of which he was elected vice-chancellor in 1880. He was one of the commissioners of patents, and trustee of the British Museum. He was also chairman of the committee of judges which drafted the new rules rendered necessary by the Judicature Acts. He was treasurer of Lincoln’s Inn in 1883, and vice-president of the council of legal education. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society. Jessel’s career marks an epoch on the bench, owing to the active part taken by him in rendering the Judicature Acts effective, and also because he was the last judge capable of sitting in the House of Commons, a privilege of which he did not avail himself. He was the first Jew who, as solicitor-general, took a share in the executive government of his country, the first Jew who was sworn a regular member of the privy council, and the first Jew who took a seat on the judicial bench of Great Britain; he was also, for many years after being called to the bar, so situated that any one might have driven him from it, because, being a Jew, he was not qualified to be a member of the bar. In person Jessel was a stoutish, square-built man of middle height, with dark hair, somewhat heavy features, a fresh ruddy complexion, and a large mouth. He married in 1856 Amelia, daughter of Joseph Moses, who survived him together with three daughters and two sons, the elder of whom, Charles James (b. 1860), was made a baronet shortly after the death of his distinguished father and in recognition of his services.
See The Times, March 23, 1883; E. Manson, Builders of our Law (1904).
JESSORE, a town and district of British India, in the Presidency division of Bengal. The town is on the Bhairab river,
with a railway station 75 m. N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. (1901), 8054.
