by day by the assistant clerks, and printed on the responsibility of the clerk to the house, after submission to the “sub-committee on the journals.” In the Commons the journal is passed by the Speaker before publication. The journals of the House of Commons begin in the first year of the reign of Edward VI. (1547), and are complete, except for a short interval under Elizabeth. Those of the House of Lords date from the first year of Henry VIII. (1509). Before that date the proceedings in parliament were entered in the rolls of parliament, which extend from 1278 to 1503. The journals of the Lords are “records” in the judicial sense, those of the Commons are not (see Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 201–202).
The term “journal” is used, in business, for a book in which an account of transactions is kept previous to a transfer to the ledger (see Book-keeping), and also as an equivalent to a ship’s log, as a record of the daily run, observations, weather changes, &c. In mining, a journal is a record describing the various strata passed through in sinking a shaft. A particular use of the word is that, in machinery, for the parts of a shaft which are in contact with the bearings; the origin of this meaning, which is firmly established, has not been explained.
JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journée,
from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies,
day), properly that which occupies a day in its performance, and
so a day’s work, particularly a day’s travel, and the distance
covered by such, usually reckoned in the middle ages as twenty
miles. The word is now used of travel covering a certain amount
of distance or lasting a certain amount of time, frequently defined
by qualifying words. “Journey” is usually applied to travel by
land, as opposed to “voyage,” travel by sea. The early use of
“journey” for a day’s work, or the amount produced by a day’s
work, is still found in glassmaking, and also at the British Mint,
where a “journey” is taken as equivalent to the coinage of
15 ℔ of standard gold, 701 sovereigns, and of 60 ℔ of silver.
The term “journeyman” also preserves the original significance
of the word. It distinguishes a qualified workman or
mechanic from an “apprentice” on the one hand and a
“master” on the other, and is applied to one who is employed
by another person to work at his trade or occupation at a day’s
wage.
JOUVENET, JEAN (1647–1717), French painter, born at
Rouen, came of a family of artists, one of whom had taught
Poussin. He early showed remarkable aptitude for his profession,
and, on arriving in Paris, attracted the attention of Le Brun,
by whom he was employed at Versailles, and under whose
auspices, in 1675, he became a member of the Académie Royale,
of which he was elected professor in 1681, and one of the four
perpetual rectors in 1707. The great mass of works that he
executed, chiefly in Paris, many of which, including his celebrated
Miraculous Draught of Fishes (engraved by Audran; also Landon,
Annales, i. 42), are now in the Louvre, show his fertility in
invention and execution, and also that he possessed in a high
degree that general dignity of arrangement and style which distinguished
the school of Le Brun. Jouvenet died on the 5th of
April 1717, having been forced by paralysis during the last four
years of his life to work with his left hand.
See Mém. inéd. acad. roy. de p. et de sc., 1854, and D’Argenville, Vies des peintres.
JOUY, VICTOR JOSEPH ÉTIENNE DE (1764–1846), French
dramatist, was born at Jouy, near Versailles, on the 12th of
September 1764. At the age of eighteen he received a commission
in the army, and sailed for South America in the company
of the governor of Guiana. He returned almost immediately to
France to complete his studies, and re-entered the service two
years later. He was sent to India, where he met with many
romantic adventures which were afterwards turned to literary
account. On the outbreak of the Revolution he returned to
France and served with distinction in the early campaigns,
attaining the rank of adjutant-general. He drew suspicion on
himself, however, by refusing to honour the toast of Marat, and
had to fly for his life. At the fall of the Terror he resumed his
commission but again fell under suspicion, being accused of
treasonable correspondence with the English envoy, James
Harris, 1st earl of Malmesbury who had been sent to France to
negotiate terms of peace. He was acquitted of this charge, but,
weary of repeated attacks, resigned his position on the pretext
of his numerous wounds. Jouy now turned his attention to
literature, and produced in 1807 with immense success his opera
La vestale (music by Spontini). The piece ran for a hundred
nights, and was characterized by the Institute of France as the
best lyric drama of the day. Other operas followed, but none
obtained so great a success. He published in the Gazette de
France a series of satirical sketches of Parisian life, collected
under the title of L’Ermite de la Chaussée d’Antin, ou observations sur les mœurs et les usages français au commencement du xixe siècle (1812–1814, 5 vols.), which was warmly received. In 1821
his tragedy of Sylla gained a triumph due in part to the genius
of Talma, who had studied the title-rôle from Napoleon. Under
the Restoration Jouy consistently fought for the cause of freedom,
and if his work was overrated by his contemporaries, they were
probably influenced by their respect for the author himself. He
died in rooms set apart for his use in the palace of St Germain-en-Laye
on the 4th of September 1846.
Out of the long list of his operas, tragedies and miscellaneous writings may be mentioned, Fernand Cortez (1809), opera, in collaboration with J. E. Esménard, music by Spontini; Tippo Saïb, tragedy (1813); Bélisaire, tragedy (1818); Les Hermites en prison (1823), written in collaboration with Antoine Jay, like himself a political prisoner; Guillaume Tell (1829), with Hippolyte Bis, for the music of Rossini. Jouy was also one of the founders of the Biographie nouvelle des contemporains.
JOVELLANOS (or Jove Llanos), GASPAR MELCHOR DE
(1744–1811), Spanish statesman and author, was born at Gijon
in Asturias, Spain, on the 5th of January 1744. Selecting law
as his profession, he studied at Oviedo, Avila, and Alcalá, and
in 1767 became criminal judge at Seville. His integrity and
ability were rewarded in 1778 by a judgeship in Madrid, and in
1780 by appointment to the council of military orders. In the
capital Jovellanos took a good place in the literary and scientific societies; for the society of friends of the country he wrote in 1787 his most valuable work, Informe sobre un proyecto de ley agraria. Involved in the disgrace of his friend, François
Cabarrus, Jovellanos spent the years 1790 to 1797 in a sort of
banishment at Gijon, engaged in literary work and in founding
the Asturian institution for agricultural, industrial, social and
educational reform throughout his native province. This
institution continued his darling project up to the latest hours
of his life. Summoned again to public life in 1797, Jovellanos
refused the post of ambassador to Russia, but accepted that of
minister of grace and justice, under “the prince of the peace,”
whose attention had been directed to him by Cabarrus, then a
favourite of Godoy. Displeased with Godoy’s policy and conduct
Jovellanos combined with his colleague Saavedra to procure his
dismissal. Godoy returned to power in 1798; Jovellanos was
again sent to Gijon, but in 1801 was thrown into prison in
Majorca. The revolution of 1808, and the advance of the
French into Spain, set him once more at liberty. Joseph Bonaparte,
on mounting the Spanish throne, made Jovellanos the
most brilliant offers; but the latter, sternly refusing them all,
joined the patriotic party, became a member of the central junta,
and contributed to reorganize the cortes. This accomplished,
the junta at once fell under suspicion, and Jovellanos was involved
in its fall. To expose the conduct of the cortes, and to
defend the junta and himself were the last labours of his pen. In
1811 he was enthusiastically welcomed to Gijon; but the approach
of the French drove him forth again. The vessel in which he
sailed was compelled by stress of weather to put in at Vega in
Asturias, and there he died on the 27th of November 1811.
The poetical works of Jovellanos comprise a tragedy El pelayo, the comedy El delincuente honrado, satires, and miscellaneous pieces, including a translation of the first book of Paradise Lost. His prose works, especially those on political and legislative economy, constitute his real title to literary fame. In them depth of thought and clear-sighted sagacity are couched in a certain Ciceronian
