adherent of the mercantile system, and laboured vigorously for the industrial development of Denmark and Norway. For an aristocrat of the old school he was liberally inclined, but only favoured petty reforms, especially in agriculture, while he regarded emancipation of the serfs as quite impracticable. Juel made no secret of his preference for absolutism, and was one of the few patricians who accepted the title of baron. He saw some military service during the Scanian War, distinguishing himself at the siege of Venersborg, and by his swift decision at the critical moment materially contributing to his brother Niels’s naval victory in the Bay of Kjöge. To his great honour he remained faithful to Griffenfeldt after his fall, enabled his daughter to marry handsomely, and did his utmost, though in vain, to obtain the ex-chancellor’s release from his dungeon.
See Carl Frederik Bricka, Dansk biografisk lex., art. “Juel” (1887, &c.); Adolf Ditlev Jörgensen, P. Schumacher Griffenfeldt (1893–1894). (R. N. B.)
JUEL, NIELS (1629–1697), Danish admiral, brother of the
preceding, was born on the 8th of May 1629, at Christiania. He
served his naval apprenticeship under Van Tromp and De Ruyter,
taking part in all the chief engagements of the war of 1652–54
between England and Holland. During a long indisposition
at Amsterdam in 1655–1656 he acquired a thorough knowledge
of ship-building, and returned to Denmark in 1656 a thoroughly
equipped seaman. He served with distinction during the Swedo-Danish
wars of 1658–60 and took a prominent part in the defence
of Copenhagen against Charles X. During fifteen years of peace,
Juel, as admiral of the fleet, laboured assiduously to develop
and improve the Danish navy, though he bitterly resented the
setting over his head in 1663 of Cort Adelaar on his return from
the Turkish wars. In 1661 Juel married Margrethe Ulfeldt. On
the outbreak of the Scanian War he served at first under Adelaar,
but on the death of the latter in November 1675 he was appointed
to the supreme command. He then won a European reputation,
and raised Danish sea-power to unprecedented eminence, by the
system of naval tactics, afterwards perfected by Nelson, which
consists in cutting off a part of the enemy’s force and concentrating
the whole attack on it. He first employed this manœuvre
at the battle of Jasmund off Rügen (May 25, 1676) when he
broke through the enemy’s line in close column and cut off five
of their ships, which, however, nightfall prevented him from
pursuing. Juel’s operations were considerably hampered at this
period by the overbearing conduct of his Dutch auxiliary, Philip
Almonde, who falsely accused the Danish admiral of cowardice.
A few days after the battle of Jasmund, Cornelius Van Tromp the
younger, with 17 fresh Danish and Dutch ships of the line, superseded
Juel in the supreme command. Juel took a leading part
in Van Tromp’s great victory off Öland (June 1, 1676), which
enabled the Danes to invade Scania unopposed. On the 1st of
June 1677 Juel defeated the Swedish admiral Sjöblad off Möen;
on the 30th of June 1677 he won his greatest victory, in the Bay
of Kjöge, where, with 25 ships of the line and 1267 guns, he
routed the Swedish admiral Evert Horn with 36 ships of the line
and 1800 guns. For this great triumph, the just reward of
superior seamanship and strategy—at an early stage of the
engagement Juel’s experienced eye told him that the wind in
the course of the day would shift from S.W. to W. and he
took extraordinary risks accordingly—he was made lieutenant
admiral general and a privy councillor. This victory, besides
permanently crippling the Swedish navy, gave the Danes a self-confidence
which enabled them to keep their Dutch allies in their
proper place. In the following year Van Tromp, whose high-handedness
had become unbearable, was discharged by Christian
V., who gave the supreme command to Juel. In the spring
of 1678 Juel put to sea with 84 ships carrying 2400 cannon, but
as the Swedes were no longer strong enough to encounter such
a formidable armament on the open sea, his operations were
limited to blockading the Swedish ports and transporting troops
to Rügen. After the peace of Lund Juel showed himself an
administrator and reformer of the first order, and under his
energetic supervision the Danish navy ultimately reached imposing
dimensions, especially after Juel became chief of the admiralty
in 1683. Personally Juel was the noblest and most amiable of
men, equally beloved and respected by his sailors, simple, straightforward
and unpretentious in all his ways. During his latter
years he was popularly known in Copenhagen as “the good old
knight.” He died on the 8th of April 1697.
See Garde, Niels Juel (1842), and Den dansk. norske Sömagts Historie, 1535–1700 (1861). (R. N. B.)
JUG, a vessel for holding liquid, usually with one handle and
a lip, made of earthenware, glass or metal. The origin of the
word in this sense is uncertain, but it is probably identical with
a shortened form of the feminine name Joan or Joanna; cf. the
similar use of Jack and Jill or Gill for a drinking-vessel or a
liquor measure. It has also been used as a common expression
for a homely woman, a servant-girl, a sweetheart, sometimes in a
sense of disparagement. In slang, “jug” or “stone-jug” is
used to denote a prison; this may possibly be an adaptation of
Fr. joug, yoke, Lat. jugum. The word “jug” is probably onomatopoeic
when used to represent a particular note of the nightingale’s
song, or applied locally to various small birds, as the
hedge-jug, &c.
The British Museum contains a remarkable bronze jug which was found at Kumasi during the Ashanti Expedition of 1896. It dates from the reign of Richard II., and is decorated in relief with the arms of England and the badge of the king. It has a lid, spout and handle, which ends in a quatrefoil. An inscription, on three raised bands round the body of the vessel, modernized runs:—“He that will not spare when he may shall not spend when he would. Deem the best in every doubt till the truth be tried out.” The British Museum Guide to the Medieval Room contains an illustration of this vessel.
A particular form of jug is the “ewer,” the precursor of the ordinary bedroom jug (an adaptation of O. Fr. ewaire, med. Lat. aquaria, water-pitcher, from aqua, water). The ewer was a jug with a wide spout, and was principally used at table for pouring water over the hands after eating, a matter of some necessity before the introduction of forks. Early ewers are sometimes mounted on three feet, and bear inscriptions such as Venez laver. A basin of similar material and design accompanied the ewer. In the 13th and 14th centuries a special type of metal ewer takes the form of animals, men on horseback, &c.; these are generally known as aquamaniles, from med. Lat. aqua manile or aqua manale (aqua, water, and manare, to trickle, pour, drip). The British Museum contains several examples.
In the 18th and early 19th centuries were made the drinking-vessels of pottery known as “Toby jugs,” properly Toby Fillpots or Philpots. These take the form of a stout old man, sometimes seated, with a three-cornered hat, the corners of which act as spouts. Similar drinking-vessels were also made representing characters popular at the time, such as “Nelson jugs,” &c.
JUGE, BOFFILLE DE (d. 1502), French-Italian adventurer
and statesman, belonged to the family of del Giudice, which
came from Amalfi, and followed the fortunes of the Angevin
dynasty. When John of Anjou, duke of Calabria, was conquered
in Italy (1461) and fled to Provence, Boffille followed him. He
was given by Duke John and his father, King René, the charge of
upholding by force of arms their claims on Catalonia. Louis XI.,
who had joined his troops to those of the princes of Anjou,
attached Boffille to his own person, made him his chamberlain
and conferred on him the vice-royalty of Roussillon and Cerdagne
(1471), together with certain important lordships, among others
the countship of Castres, confiscated from James of Armagnac,
duke of Nemours (1476), and the temporalities of the bishopric
of Castres, confiscated from John of Armagnac. He also entrusted
him with diplomatic negotiations with Flanders and England.
In 1480 Boffille married Marie d’Albret, sister of Alain the Great,
thus confirming the feudal position which the king had given
him in the south. He was appointed as one of the judges in the
trial of René of Alençon, and showed such zeal in the discharge
of his functions that Louis XI. rewarded him by fresh gifts.
However, the bishop of Castres recovered his diocese (1483),
and the heirs of the duke of Nemours took legal proceedings for
