others which, when compressed, struck, or pinched, cause temporary paralysis of a more or less complete nature. Such places are the arm-pit, the ankle and wrist bones, the tendon running downward from the ear, the “Adam’s apple,” and the nerves of the upper arm. In serious fighting almost any hold or attack is resorted to, and a broken or badly sprained limb is the least that can befall the victim; but in the practice of the art as a means of physical culture the knowledge of the different grips is assumed on both sides, as well as the danger of resisting too long. For this reason the combatant, when he feels himself on the point of being disabled, is instructed to signal his acknowledgment of defeat by striking the floor with hand or foot. The bout then ends and both combatants rise and begin afresh. It will be seen that a victory in ju-jutsu does not mean that the opponent shall be placed in some particular position, as in wrestling, but in any position in which his judgment or knowledge tells him that, unless he yields, he will suffer a disabling injury. This difference existed between the wrestling and the pancratium of the Olympic games. In the pancratium the fight went on until one combatant acknowledged defeat, but, although many a man allowed himself to be beaten into insensibility rather than suffer this humiliation, it was nevertheless held to be a disgrace to kill an opponent.
A modern bout at ju-jutsu usually begins by the combatants taking hold with both hands upon the collars of each other’s jackets or kimonos, after which, upon the word to start being given, the manœuvring for an advantageous grip begins by pushes, pulls, jerks, falls, grips or other movements. Once the wrist, ankle, neck, arm or leg of an assailant is firmly grasped so that added force will dislocate it, there is nothing for the seized man to do, in case he is still on his feet, but go to the floor, often being thrown clean over his opponent’s head. A fall of this kind does not necessarily mean defeat, for the struggle proceeds upon the floor, where indeed most of the combat takes place, and the ju-jutsu expert receives a long training in the art of falling without injury. Blows are delivered, not with the fist, but with the open hand, the exterior edge of which is hardened by exercises.
The physical training necessary to produce expertness is the most valuable feature of ju-jutsu. The system includes a light and nourishing diet, plenty of sleep, deep-breathing exercises, an abundance of fresh air and general moderation in habits, in addition to the actual gymnastic exercises for the purpose of muscle-building and the cultivation of agility of eye and mind as well as of body. It is practised by both sexes in Japan.
Many attempts have been made in England and America to match ju-jutsu experts against wrestlers, mostly of the “catch-as-catch can” school, but these trials have, almost without exception, proved unsatisfactory, since many of the most efficacious tricks of ju-jutsu, such as the strangle holds and twists of wrists and ankles, are accounted foul in wrestling. Nevertheless the Japanese athletes, even when obliged to forgo these, have usually proved more than a match for European wrestlers of their own weight.
See H. Irving Hancock’s Japanese Physical Training (1904); Physical Training for Women by Japanese Methods (1904); The Complete Kano Jiu-jitsu (Jiudo) (1905); M. Ohashi, Japanese Physical Culture (1904); K. Saito, Jiu-jitsu Tricks (1905).
JUJUY, a northern province of the Argentine Republic,
bounded N. and N.W. by Bolivia, N.E., E., S. and S.W. by
Salta, and W. by the Los Andes territory. Pop. (1895),
49,713; (1905, estimate), 55,450, including many mestizos.
Area, 18,977 sq. m., the greater part being mountainous. The
province is traversed from N. to S. by three distinct ranges belonging
to the great central Andean plateau: the Sierra de
Santa Catalina, the Sierra de Humahuaca, and the Sierras de
Zenta and Santa Victoria. In the S.E. angle of the province are
the low, isolated ranges of Alumbre and Santa Barbara. Between
the more eastern of these ranges are valleys of surpassing fertility,
watered by the Rio Grande de Jujuy, a large tributary of the
Bermejo. The western part, however, is a high plateau (parts
of which are 11,500 ft. above sea-level), whose general characteristics
are those of the puna regions farther west. The surface
of this high plateau is broken, semi-arid and desolate, having a
very scanty population and no important industry beyond the
breeding of a few goats and the fur-bearing chinchilla. There are
two large saline lagoons: Toro, or Pozuelos, in the N., and Casabindo,
or Guayatayoc, in the S. The climate is cool, dry and
healthy, with violent tempests in the summer season. (For a
vivid description of this interesting region, see F. O’Driscoll,
“A Journey to the North of the Argentine Republic,” Geogr.
Jour. xxiv. 1904.) The agricultural productions of Jujuy include
sugar cane, wheat, Indian corn, alfalfa and grapes. The
breeding of cattle and mules for the Bolivian and Chilean markets
is an old industry. Coffee has been grown in the department of
Ledesma, but only to a limited extent. There are also valuable
forest areas and undeveloped mineral deposits. Large borax
deposits are worked in the northern part of the province, the output
in 1901 having been 8000 tons. The province is traversed
from S. to N. by the Central Northern railway, a national government
line, which has been extended to the Bolivian frontier. It
passes through the capital and up the picturesque Humahuaca
valley, and promises, under capable management, to be an important
international line, affording an outlet for southern
Bolivia. The climate of the lower agricultural districts is tropical,
and irrigation is employed in some places in the long dry season.
The capital, Jujuy (estimated pop. 1905, 5000), is situated on the Rio Grande at the lower end of the Humahuaca valley, 942 m. from Buenos Aires by rail. It was founded in 1593 and is 4035 ft. above sea-level. It has a mild, temperate climate and picturesque natural surroundings, and is situated on the old route between Bolivia and Tucuman, but its growth has been slow.
JUKES. JOSEPH BEETE (1811–1869), English geologist, was
born at Summer Hill, near Birmingham, on the 10th of October
1811. He took his degree at Cambridge in 1836. He began
the study of geology under Sedgwick, and in 1839 was appointed
geological surveyor of Newfoundland. He returned to England
at the end of 1840, and in 1842 sailed as naturalist on board
H.M.S. “Fly,” despatched to survey Torres Strait, New Guinea,
and the east coast of Australia. Jukes landed in England again
in June 1846, and in August received an appointment on the
geological survey of Great Britain. The district to which he was
first sent was North Wales. In 1847 he commenced the survey
of the South Staffordshire coal-field and continued this work
during successive years after the close of field-work in Wales. The
results were published in his Geology of the South Staffordshire
Coal-field (1853; 2nd ed. 1859), a work remarkable for its accuracy
and philosophic treatment. In 1850 he accepted the post
of local director of the geological survey of Ireland. The exhausting
nature of this work slowly but surely wore out even
his robust constitution and on the 29th of July 1869 he died.
For many years he lectured as professor of geology, first at the
Royal Dublin Society’s Museum of Irish Industry, and afterwards
at the Royal College of Science in Dublin. He was an admirable
teacher, and his Student’s Manual was the favoured textbook
of British students for many years. During his residence in
Ireland he wrote an article “On the Mode of Formation of some
of the River-valleys in the South of Ireland” (Quarterly Journ.
Geol. Soc. 1862), and in this now classic essay he first clearly
sketched the origin and development of rivers. In later years
he devoted much attention to the relations between the Devonian
system and the Carboniferous rocks and Old Red Sandstone.
Jukes wrote many papers that were printed in the London and Dublin geological journals and other periodicals. He edited, and in great measure wrote, forty-two memoirs explanatory of the maps of the south, east and west of Ireland, and prepared a geological map of Ireland on a scale of 8 m. to an inch. He was also the author of Excursions in and about Newfoundland (2 vols., 1842); Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. M. S. “Fly ” (2 vols., 1847); A Sketch of the Physical Structure of Australia (1850); Popular Physical Geology (1853); Student’s Manual of Geology (1857; 2nd ed. 1862; a later edition was revised by A. Geikie, 1872); the article “Geology” in the Ency. Brit. 8th ed. (1858) and School Manual of Geology (1863). See Letters, &c., of J. Beete Jukes, edited, with Connecting Memorial Notes, by his Sister (C. A. Browne) (1871), to which is added a chronological list of Jukes’s writings.
JULIAN (Flavius Claudius Julianus) (331–363), commonly
called Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor, was born in
