a divine being. In the runes Ukko, the grandfather, the sender of the thunder, takes the place of Jumala.
JUMIÈGES, a village of north-western France, in the department
of Seine-Inférieure, 17 m. W. of Rouen by road, on a
peninsula formed by a bend of the Seine. Pop. (1906), 244.
Jumièges is famous for the imposing ruins of its abbey, one of
the great establishments of the Benedictine order. The principal
remains are those of the abbey-church, built from 1040 to 1067;
these comprise the façade with two towers, the walls of the nave,
a wall and sustaining arch of the great central tower and débris
of the choir (restored in the 13th century). Among the minor
relics, preserved in a small museum in a building of the 14th
century, are the stone which once covered the grave of Agnes
Sorel, and two recumbent figures of the 13th century, commonly
known as the Énervés, and representing, according to one legend,
two sons of Clovis II., who, as a punishment for revolt against
their father, had the tendons of their arms and legs cut, and were
set adrift in a boat on the Seine. Another tradition states that
the statues represent Thassilo, duke of Bavaria, and Theodo
his son, relegated to Jumièges by Charlemagne. The church
of St Pierre, which adjoins the south side of the abbey-church,
was built in the 14th century as a continuation of a previous
church of the time of Charlemagne, of which a fragment still
survives. Among the other ruins, those of the chapter-house
(13th century) and refectory (12th and 15th centuries) also
survive.
The abbey of Jumièges was founded about the middle of the 7th century by St Philibert, whose name is still to be read on gold and silver coins obtained from the site. The abbey was destroyed by the Normans, but was rebuilt in 928 by William Longsword, duke of Normandy, and continued to exist till 1790. Charles VII. often resided there with Agnes Sorel, who had a manor at Mesnil-sous-Jumièges in the neighbourhood, and died in the monastery in 1450.
JUMILLA, a town of eastern Spain, in the province of Murcia,
40 m. N. by W. of Murcia by road, on the right bank of the
Arroyo del Jua, a left-bank tributary of the Segura. Pop.
(1900), 16,446. Jumilla occupies part of a narrow valley,
enclosed by mountains. An ancient citadel, several churches,
a Franciscan convent, and a hospital are the principal buildings.
The church of Santiago is noteworthy for its fine paintings and
frescoes, some of which have been attributed, though on doubtful
authority, to Peter Paul Rubens and other illustrious artists.
The local trade is chiefly in coarse cloth, esparto fabrics, wine
and farm produce.
JUMNA, or Jamuna, a river of northern India. Rising in
the Himalayas in Tehri state, about 5 m. N. of the Jamnotri
hot springs, in 31° 3′ N. and 78° 30′ E., the stream first flows
S. for 7 m., then S.W. for 32 m., and afterwards due S. for 26 m.,
receiving several small tributaries in its course. It afterwards
turns sharply to the W. for 14 m., when it is joined by the large
river Tons from the north. The Jumna here emerges from the
Himalayas into the valley of the Dun, and flows in a S.W.
direction for 22 m., dividing the Kiarda Dun on the W. from the
Dehra Dun on the E. It then, at the 95th mile of its course,
forces its way through the Siwalik hills, and debouches upon the
plains of India at Fyzabad in Saharanpur district. By this
time a large river, it gives off, near Fyzabad, the eastern and
western Jumna canals. From Fyzabad the river flows for
65 m. in a S.S.W. direction, receiving the Maskarra stream from
the east. Near Bidhauli, in Muzaffarnagar district, it turns
due S. for 80 m. to Delhi city, thence S.E. for 27 m. to near
Dankaur, receiving the waters of the Hindan river on the east.
From Dankaur it resumes its southerly course for 100 m. to
Mahaban near Muttra, where it turns E. for nearly 200 m.,
passing the towns of Agra, Ferozabad and Etawah, receiving
on its left bank the Karwan-nadi, and on its right the Banganga
(Utanghan). From Etawah it flows 140 m. S.E. to Hamirpur,
being joined by the Sengar on its north bank, and on the south
by the great river Chambal from the west, and by the Sind.
From Hamirpur, the Jumna flows nearly due E., until it enters
Allahabad district and passes Allahabad city, below which it
falls into the Ganges in 25° 25′ N. and 81° 55′ E. In this last
part of its course it receives the waters of the Betwa and the Ken.
Where the Jumna and the Ganges unite is the prayag, or place
of pilgrimage, where devout Hindus resort in thousands to wash
and be sanctified.
The Jumna, after issuing from the hills, has a longer course through the United Provinces than the Ganges, but is not so large nor so important a river; and above Agra in the hot season it dwindles to a small stream. This is no doubt partly caused by the eastern and western Jumna canals, of which the former, constructed in 1823–1830, irrigates 300,000 acres in the districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Meerut, in the United Provinces; while the latter, consisting of the reopened channels of two canals dating from about 1350 and 1628 respectively, extends through the districts of Umballa, Karnal, Hissar, Rohtak and Delhi, and the native states of Patiala and Jind in the Punjab, irrigating 600,000 acres. The headworks of the two canals are situated near the point where the river issues from the Siwāliks.
The traffic on the Jumna is not very considerable; in its upper portion timber, and in the lower stone, grain and cotton are the chief articles of commerce, carried in the clumsy barges which navigate its stream. Its waters are clear and blue, while those of the Ganges are yellow and muddy; the difference between the streams can be discerned for some distance below the point at which they unite. Its banks are high and rugged, often attaining the proportions of cliffs, and the ravines which run into it are deeper and larger than those of the Ganges. It traverses the extreme edge of the alluvial plain of Hindustan, and in the latter part of its course it almost touches the Bundelkhand offshoots of the Vindhyā range of mountains. Its passage is therefore more tortuous, and the scenery along its banks more varied and pleasing, than is the case with the Ganges.
The Jumna at its source near Jamnotri is 10,849 ft. above the sea-level; at Kotnur, 16 m. lower, it is only 5036 ft.; so that, between these two places, it falls at the rate of 314 ft. in a mile. At its junction with the Tons it is 1686 ft. above the sea; at its junction with the Asan, 1470 ft.; and at the point where it issues from the Siwālik hills into the plains, 1276 ft. The catchment area of the river is 118,000 sq. m.; its flood discharge at Allahabad is estimated at 1,333,000 cub. ft. per second. The Jumna is crossed by railway bridges at Delhi, Muttra, Agra and Allahabad, while bridges of boats are stationed at many places.
JUMPING,[1] a branch of athletics which has been cultivated
from the earliest times (see Athletic Sports). Leaping
competitions formed a part of the pentathlon, or quintuple games,
of the Olympian festivals, and Greek chronicles record that the
athlete Phayllus jumped a distance of 55 Olympian, or more
than 30 English, feet. Such a leap could not have been made
without weights carried in the hands and thrown backwards at
the moment of springing. These were in fact employed by Greek
jumpers and were called haltēres. They were masses of stone
or metal, nearly semicircular, according to Pausanias, and the
fingers grasped them like the handles of a shield. Halteres
were also used for general exercise, like modern dumb-bells. The
Olympian jumping took place to the music of lutes.
Jumping has always been popular with British athletes, and tradition has handed down the record of certain leaps that border on the incredible. Two forms of jumping are included in modern athletic contests, the running long jump and the running high jump; but the same jumps, made from a standing position, are also common forms of competition, as well as the hop step and jump, two hops and jump, two jumps, three jumps, five jumps and ten jumps, either with a run or from a standing position. These events are again divided into two categories by the use of weights, which are not allowed in championship contests.
- ↑ The verb “to jump” only dates from the beginning of the 16th century. The New English Dictionary takes it to be of onomatopoeic origin and does not consider a connexion with Dan. gumpe, Icel. goppa, &c., possible. The earlier English word is “leap” (O.E. hléapan, to run, jump, cf. Ger. laufen).
