the 12th of September 1740. His father, Wilhelm Jung, schoolmaster and tailor, was the son of Eberhard Jung, charcoal-burner, and his mother was Dortchen Moritz, daughter of a poor clergyman. Jung became, by his father’s desire, schoolmaster and tailor, but found both pursuits equally wearisome. After various teaching appointments he went in 1768 with “half a French dollar” to study medicine at the university of Strassburg. There he met Goethe, who introduced him to Herder. The acquaintance with Goethe ripened into friendship; and it was by his influence that Jung’s first and best work, Heinrich Stillings Jugend was written. In 1772 he settled at Elberfeld as physician and oculist, and soon became celebrated for operations in cases of cataract. Surgery, however, was not much more to his taste than tailoring or teaching; and in 1778 he was glad to accept the appointment of lecturer on “agriculture, technology, commerce and the veterinary art” in the newly established Kameralschule at Kaiserslautern, a post which he continued to hold when the school was absorbed in the university of Heidelberg. In 1787 he was appointed professor of economical, financial and statistical science in the university of Marburg. In 1803 he resigned his professorship and returned to Heidelberg, where he remained until 1806, when he received a pension from the grand-duke Charles Frederick of Baden, and removed to Karlsruhe, where he remained until his death on the 2nd of April 1817. He was married three times, and left a numerous family. Of his works his autobiography Heinrich Stillings Leben, from which he came to be known as Stilling, is the only one now of any interest, and is the chief authority for his life. His early novels reflect the piety of his early surroundings.
A complete edition of his numerous works, in 14 vols. 8vo, was published at Stuttgart in 1835–1838. There are English translations by Sam. Jackson of the Leben (1835) and of the Theorie der Geisterkunde (London, 1834, and New York, 1851); and of Theobald, or the Fanatic, a religious romance, by the Rev. Sam. Schaeffer (1846). See biographies by F. W. Bodemann (1868), J. v. Ewald (1817), Peterson (1890).
JUNG BAHADUR, SIR, Maharajah (1816–1877), prime
minister of Nepal, was a grand-nephew of Bhim sena Thapa
(Bhim sen Thappa), the famous military minister of Nepal,
who from 1804 to 1839 was de facto ruler of the state under the
rani Tripuri and her successor. Bhimsena’s supremacy was
threatened by the Kala Pandry, and many of his relations,
including Jung Bahadur, went into exile in 1838, thus escaping
the cruel fate which overtook Bhimsena in the following year.
The Pandry leaders, who then reverted to power, were in turn
assassinated in 1843, and Matabar Singh, uncle of Jung Bahadur,
was created prime minister. He appointed his nephew general
and chief judge, but shortly afterwards he was himself put to
death. Fateh Jung thereon formed a ministry, of which Jung
Bahadur was made military member. In the following year,
1846, a quarrel was fomented, in which Fateh Jung and thirty-two
other chiefs were assassinated, and the rani appointed Jung
Bahadur sole minister. The rani quickly changed her mind,
and planned the death of her new minister, who at once appealed
to the maharaja. But the plot failed. The raja and the rani
wisely sought safety in India, and Jung Bahadur firmly established
his own position by the removal of all dangerous rivals.
He succeeded so well that in January 1850 he was able to leave
for a visit to England, from which he did not return to Nepal
until the 6th of February 1851. On his return, and frequently
on subsequent dates, he frustrated conspiracies for his assassination.
The reform of the penal code, and a desultory war with
Tibet, occupied his attention until news of the Indian Mutiny
reached Nepal. Jung Bahadur resisted all overtures from the
rebels, and sent a column to Gorakpur in July 1857. In December
he furnished a force of 8000 Gurkhas, which reached Lucknow
on the 11th of March 1858, and took part in the siege. The
moral support of the Nepalese was more valuable even than the
military services rendered by them. Jung Bahadur was made
a G.C.B., and a tract of country annexed in 1815 was restored
to Nepal. Various frontier disputes were settled, and in 1875
Sir Jung Bahadur was on his way to England when he had a
fall from his horse in Bombay and returned home. He received
a visit from the Prince of Wales in 1876. On the 25th of
February 1877 he died, having reached the age of sixty-one.
Three of his widows immolated themselves on his funeral
pyre.
(W. L.-W.)
JUNG-BUNZLAU (Czech, Mladá Boleslav), a town of Bohemia,
44 m. N.N.E. of Prague by rail. Pop. (1900), 13,479, mostly
Czech. The town contains several old buildings of historical
interest, notably the castle, built towards the end of the 10th
century, and now used as barracks. There are several old
churches. In that of St Maria the celebrated bishop of the
Bohemian brethren, Johann August, was buried in 1595; but
his tomb was destroyed in 1621. The church of St Bonaventura
with the convent, originally belonging to the friars minor and
later to the Bohemian brethren, is now a Piaristic college. The
church of St Wenceslaus, once a convent of the brotherhood, is
now used for military stores. Jung-Bunzlau was built in 995,
under Boleslaus II., as the seat of a gaugraf or royal count.
Early in the 13th century it was given the privileges of a town
and pledged to the lords of Michalovic. In the Hussite wars
Jung-Bunzlau adhered to the Taborites and became later the
metropolis of the Bohemian Brethren. In 1595 Bohuslav of
Lobkovic sold his rights as over-lord to the town, which was
made a royal city by Rudolf II. During the Thirty Years’ War
it was twice burned, in 1631 by the imperialists, and in 1640
by the Swedes.
JUNGFRAU, a well-known Swiss mountain (13,669 ft.),
admirably seen from Interlaken. It rises on the frontier
between the cantons of Bern and of the Valais, and is reckoned
among the peaks of the Bernese Oberland, two of which (the
Finsteraarhorn, 14,026 ft., and the Aletschhorn, 13,721 ft.)
surpass it in height. It was first ascended in 1811 by the
brothers Meyer, and again in 1812 by Gottlieb Meyer (son of
J. R. Meyer), in both cases by the eastern or Valais side, the
foot of which (the final ascent being made by the 1811–1812
route) was reached in 1828 over the Mönchjoch by six peasants
from Grindelwald. In 1841 Principal J. D. Forbes, with
Agassiz, Desor and Du Châtelier, made the fourth ascent by
the 1812 route. It was not till 1865 that Sir George Young
and the Rev. H. B. George succeeded in making the first ascent
from the west or Interlaken side. This is a far more difficult
route than that from the east, the latter being now frequently
taken in the course of the summer. (W. A. B. C.)
JUNGLE (Sans. jangala), an Anglo-Indian term for a forest,
a thicket, a tangled wilderness. The Hindustani word means
strictly waste, uncultivated ground; then such ground covered
with trees or long grass; and thence again the Anglo-Indian
application is to forest or other wild growth, rather than to the
fact that it is not cultivated.
JUNIN, an interior department of central Peru, bounded N.
by Huanuco, E. by Loreto and Cuzco, S. by Huancavelica, and
W. by Lima and Ancachs. Pop. (1906 estimate), 305,700. It
lies wholly within the Andean zone and has an area of 23,353
sq. m. It is rich in minerals, including silver, copper, mercury,
bismuth, molybdenum, lead and coal. The Huallaga and Mantaro
rivers have their sources in this department, the latter in
Lake Junin, or Chanchaycocha, 13,230 ft. above sea-level. The
capital of Junin is Cerro de Pasco, and its two principal towns
are Jauja and Tarma (pop., 1906, about 12,000 and 5000
respectively).
JUNIPER. The junipers, of which there are twenty-five or
more species, are evergreen bushy shrubs or low columnar trees,
with a more or less aromatic odour, inhabiting the whole of the
cold and temperate northern hemisphere, but attaining their
maximum development in the Mediterranean region, the North
Atlantic islands, and the eastern United States. The leaves are
usually articulated at the base, spreading, sharp-pointed and
needle-like in form, destitute of oil-glands, and arranged in
alternating whorls of three; but in some the leaves are minute
and scale-like, closely adhering to the branches, the apex only
being free, and furnished with an oil-gland on the back.
