KALIMPONG, a village of British India, in the Darjeeling district of Bengal, 4000 ft. above sea-level; pop. (1901), 1069. It is a frontier market for the purchase of wool and mules from Tibet, and an important agricultural fair is held in November. In 1900 Kalimpong was chosen by the Church of Scotland as the site of cottage homes, known as St Andrew’s Colonial Homes, for the education and training of poor European and Eurasian children.
KALINGA, or Calinga, one of the nine kingdoms of southern
India in ancient times. Its exact limits varied, but included
the eastern Madras coast from Pulicat to Chicacole, running
inland from the Bay of Bengal to the Eastern Ghats. The name
at one time had a wider and vaguer meaning, comprehending
Orissa, and possibly extending to the Ganges valley. The Kalinga
of Pliny certainly included Orissa, but latterly it seems to have
been confined to the Telugu-speaking country; and in the
time of Hsüan Tsang (630 A.D.) it was distinguished on the south
and west from Andhra, and on the north from Odra or Orissa.
Taranatha, the Tibetan historian, speaks of Kalinga as one
division of the country of Telinga. Hsüan Tsang speaks of
Kalinga (“Kie-ling-kia”) having its capital at what has been
identified with the site either of Rajahmundry or Coringa.
Both these towns, as well as Singapur, Calingapatam and Chicacole,
share the honour of having been the chief cities of Kalinga
at different periods; but inscriptions recently deciphered seem
to prove that the capital of the Ganga dynasty of Kalinga was
at Mukhalingam in the Ganjam district.
KALINJAR, a town and hill fort of British India in the Banda
district of the United Provinces. Pop. (1901), 3015. The fort
stands on an isolated rock, the termination of the Vindhya
range, at an elevation of 1203 ft., overlooking the plains of
Bundelkhand. Kalinjar is the most characteristic specimen of
the hill-fortresses, originally hill-shrines, of central India. Its
antiquity is proved by its mention in the Mahābhārata. It was
besieged by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1023, and here the Afghan
emperor Sher Shah met his death in 1545, and Kalinjar played
a prominent part in history down to the time of the Mutiny in
1857, when it was held by a small British garrison. Both the
fort and the town, which stands at the foot of the hill, are of
interest to the antiquary on account of their remains of temples,
sculptures, inscriptions and caves.
KALIR [QALIR], ELEAZER, Hebrew liturgical poet, whose
hymns (piyyutim) are found in profusion in the festival prayers
of the German synagogal rite. The age in which he lived is
unknown. Some (basing the view on Saadiah’s Sefer ha-galuy)
place him as early as the 6th century, others regard him as
belonging to the 10th century. Kalir’s style is powerful but
involved; he may be described as a Hebrew Browning.
Some beautiful renderings of Kalir’s poems may be found in the volumes of Davis & Adler’s edition of the German Festival Prayers entitled Service of the Synagogue.
KALISCH, ISIDOR (1816–1886), Jewish divine, was born at
Krotoschin in Prussia on the 15th of November 1816, and was
educated at Berlin, Breslau and Prague. In 1848 he came to
London, but passed on in 1849 to America, where he ministered
as rabbi in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Detroit and Newark,
New Jersey. At Newark from 1875 he gave himself entirely
to literary work, and exercised a strong influence as leader of
the radical and reforming Jewish party.
Among his works are Wegweisen für rationelle Forschungen in den biblischen Schriften (1853); and translations of Nathan der Weise (1869); Sepher Jezirah (1877); and Munz’s History of Philosophy among the Jews (1881). He also wrote a good deal of German and Hebrew verse.
KALISCH, MARCUS (or Maurice) (1828–1885), Jewish scholar,
was born in Pomerania in 1828, and died in England 1885.
He was one of the pioneers of the critical study of the Old
Testament in England. At one time he was secretary to the
Chief Rabbi; in 1853 he became tutor in the Rothschild family
and enjoyed leisure to produce his commentaries and other
works. The first instalment of his commentary on the Pentateuch
was Exodus (1855); this was followed by Genesis (1858) and
Leviticus in two parts (1867–1872). Kalisch wrote before the
publication of Wellhausen’s works, and anticipated him in some
important points. Besides these works, Kalisch published in
1877–1878 two volumes of Bible studies (on Balaam and Jonah).
He was also author of a once popular Hebrew grammar in two
volumes (1862–1863). In 1880 he published Path and Goal, a
brilliant discussion of human destiny. His commentaries are
of permanent value, not only because of the author’s originality,
but also because of his erudition. No other works in English
contain such full citations of earlier literature.
(I. A.)
KALISPEL, or Pend d’Oreille, a tribe of North-American
Indians of Salishan stock. They formerly ranged the country
around Pend d’Oreille Lake, Washington. They number some
600, and are settled on a reservation in Montana.
KALISZ, a government of Russian Poland, having Prussia on
the W., and the governments of Warsaw and Piotrków on the E.
Its area is 4390 sq. m. Its surface is a lowland, sloping towards
the west, and is drained by the Prosna and the Warta and their
tributaries, and also by the Bzura. It was formerly covered
with countless small lakes and thick forests; the latter are now
mostly destroyed, but many lakes and marshes exist still.
Pop. (1897), 844,358 of whom 427,978 were women, and 113,609
lived in towns; estimated pop. (1906), 983,200. They are chiefly
Poles. Roman Catholics number 83%; Jews and Protestants
each amount to 7%. Agriculture is carried to perfection on
a number of estates, as also livestock breeding. The crops
principally raised are rye, wheat, oats, barley and potatoes.
Various domestic trades, including the weaving of linen and wool,
are carried on in the villages. There are some factories, producing
chiefly cloth and cottons. The government is divided
into eight districts, the chief towns of which, with their populations
in 1897, are: Kalisz (21,680), Kolo (9400), Konin (8530),
Leczyca (8863), Slupec (3758), Sieradz (7019), Turek (8141)
and Wielun (7442).
KALISZ, the chief town of the above government, situated in
51° 46′ N. and 18° E., 147 m. by rail W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the
banks of the Prosna, which there forms the boundary of Prussia.
Pop. (1871), 18,088; (1897), 21,680, of whom 37% were Jews.
It is one of the oldest and finest cities of Poland, is the seat of a
Roman Catholic bishop, and possesses a castle, a teachers’ institute
and a large public park. The industrial establishments
comprise a brewery, and factories for ribbons, cloth and sugar,
and tanneries.
Kalisz is identified with the Calisia of Ptolemy, and its antiquity is indicated by the abundance of coins and other objects of ancient art which have been discovered on the site, as well as by the numerous burial mounds existing in the vicinity. It was the scene of the decisive victory of Augustus the Strong of Poland over the Swedes on the 29th of October 1706, of several minor conflicts in 1813, and of the friendly meeting of the Russian and Prussian troops in 1835, in memory of which an iron obelisk was erected in the town by Nicholas I. in 1841. The treaty of 1813 between Russia and Prussia was signed here.
KALK, a town in the Prussian Rhine province, on the right
bank of the Rhine, 2 m. E. of Cologne. Pop. (1905), 25,478.
Kalk is an important junction of railway lines connecting Cologne
with places on the right bank of the river. It has various iron
and chemical industries, brickworks and breweries, and an
electric tramway joins it with Cologne.
KALKAS, or Khalkas, a Mongoloid people mainly concentrated
in the northern steppes of Mongolia near their kinsmen,
the Buriats. According to Sir H. Howorth they derive their
name from the river Kalka, which runs into the Buir lake. Of
all Mongolians they physically differ most from the true Mongol
type (see Mongols). Their colour is a brown rather than a
yellow, and their eyes are open and not oblique. They have,
however, the broad flat face, high cheekbones and lank black
hair of their race. They number some 250,000, and their territory
is divided into the four khanates of Tushetu (Tushiyetu),
Tsetien (Setzen), Sai’noi’m (Sain Noyan) and Jesaktu (Jassaktu).
KALKBRENNER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784–1849),
German pianist and composer, son of Christian Kalkbrenner
(1755–1806), a Jewish musician of Cassel, was educated at the
