kame,” is taken as synonymous with “esker,” which however is preferably to be applied to the long mound deposited within the ice-tunnel, not to the bunched mound at its mouth.
KAMENETS PODOLSKIY, or Podolian Kamenets (Polish
Kamieniec), a town of S.W. Russia, chief town of the government
of Podolia. It stands in 48° 40′ N. and 26° 30′ E., on a
high, rocky bluff of the river Smotrich, a left-hand tributary of
the Dniester, and near the Austrian frontier. Pop. (1863),
20,699; (1900) 39,113, of whom 50% were Jews and 30%
Poles. Round the town lies a cluster of suburban villages,
Polish Folwark, Russian Folwark, Zinkovtsui, Karvasarui, &c.;
and on the opposite side of the river, accessible by a wooden
bridge, stands the castle which long frowned defiance across the
Dniester to Khotin in Bessarabia. Kamenets is the see of a
Roman Catholic and a Greek Orthodox bishop. The Roman
Catholic cathedral of St Peter and St Paul, built in 1361, is distinguished
by a minaret, recalling the time when it was used as a
mosque by the Turks (1672–1699). The Greek cathedral of John
the Baptist dates from the 16th century, but up to 1798 belonged
to the Basilian monastery. Other buildings are the Orthodox
Greek monastery of the Trinity, and the Catholic Armenian
church (founded in 1398), possessing a 14th-century missal and an
image of the Virgin Mary that saw the Mongol invasion of 1239–1242.
The town contains Orthodox Greek and Roman Catholic
seminaries, Jewish colleges, and an archaeological museum for
church antiquities, founded in 1890. Kamenets was laid waste
by the Mongol leader Batu in 1240. In 1434 it was made the
chief town of the province of Podolia. In the 15th and 16th
centuries it suffered frequently from the invasions of Tatars,
Moldavians and Turks; and in 1672 the hetman of the Cossacks,
Doroshenko, assisted by Sultan Mahommed IV. of Turkey, made
himself master of the place. Restored to Poland by the peace
of Karlowitz (1699), it passed with Podolia to Russia in 1795.
Here the Turks were defeated by the Poles in 1633, and here
twenty years later peace was concluded between the same
antagonists. The fortifications were demolished in 1813.
KAMENZ, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on the Black
Elster, 21 m. N.E. of Dresden, on a branch line of railway
from Bischofswerda. Pop. (1900), 9726. It has four Evangelical
churches, among them a Wendish one, and a handsome new
town-hall with a library. The hospital is dedicated to the
memory of Lessing, who was born here. A colossal bust of the
poet was placed opposite the Wendish church in 1863, and a
monument was raised to him on a neighbouring hill in 1864.
The industries of Kamenz include wool-spinning, and the manufacture
of cloth, glass, crockery and stoneware. Built about
1200, Kamenz, was known by the name Dreikretcham until the
16th century. In 1318 it passed to the mark of Brandenburg;
in 1319 to Bohemia; and in 1635, after suffering much in the
Hussite and Thirty Years’ wars, it came into the possession of
Saxony. In 1706 and 1842 it was almost entirely consumed
by fire.
Kamenz is also the name of a village in Prussia, not far from Breslau; pop. 900. This is famous on account of its Cistercian monastery, founded in 1094. Of the house, which was closed in 1810, only a few buildings remain.
KAMES, HENRY HOME, Lord (1696–1782), Scottish lawyer and philosopher, son of George Home of Kames, in Berwickshire, where he was born in 1696. After receiving a somewhat imperfect education from a private tutor, he was in 1712 indentured to a writer to the signet in Edinburgh, but an accidental introduction to Sir Hew Dalrymple, then president of the court of session, determined him to aspire to the position of advocate. He accordingly set himself to studying various branches of literature, specially metaphysics and moral philosophy. He was called to the bar in January 1724, and, as he lacked those brilliant qualities which sometimes command immediate success,
he employed his leisure in the compilation of Remarkable Decisions
in the Court of Session from 1716 to 1728 (1728). This
work having attracted attention, his power of ingenious
reasoning and mastery of law gradually gained him a leading
position at the bar. In 1752 he was appointed a judge in the
court of session under the title of Lord Kames, and in 1763 he was
made one of the lords of justiciary. In 1741 he married Agatha
Drummond, through whom in 1761 he succeeded to the estate
of Blair Drummond, Perthshire. He continued to discharge his
judicial duties till within a few days of his death at Edinburgh
on the 27th of December 1782.
Lord Kames took a special interest in agricultural and commercial affairs. In 1755 he was appointed a member of the board of trustees for encouragement of the fisheries, arts and manufactures of Scotland, and about the same time he was named one of the commissioners for the management of the forfeited estates annexed to the Crown. On the subject of agriculture he wrote The Gentleman Farmer (1776). In 1765 he published a small pamphlet On the Flax Husbandry of Scotland; and, besides availing himself of his extensive acquaintance with the proprietors of Scotland to recommend the introduction of manufactures, he took a prominent part in furthering the project of the Forth and Clyde Canal. He was also one of the founders of the Physical and Literary Society, afterwards the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It is, however, as a writer on philosophy that Lord Kames is best known. In 1751 he published his Essays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion (Ger. trans., Leipzig, 1772), in which he endeavoured to maintain the doctrine of innate ideas, but conceded to man an apparent but only apparent freedom of the will. His statement of the latter doctrine so aroused the alarm of certain clergymen of the Church of Scotland that he found it necessary to withdraw what was regarded as a serious error, and to attribute man’s delusive sense of freedom, not to an innate conviction implanted by God, but to the influence of the passions. His other philosophical works are An Introduction to the Art of Thinking (1761), Elements of Criticism (1762), Sketches of the History of Man (1774).
See Life of Lord Kames, by A. F. Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (2 vols., 1807).
KAMMIN, or Cammin, a town in the Prussian province of
Pomerania, 212 m. from the Baltic, on the Kamminsche Bodden,
a lake connected with the sea by the Dievenow. Pop. (1905),
5923. Among its four Evangelical churches, the cathedral
and the church of St Mary are noteworthy. Iron-founding and
brewing are carried on in the town, which has also some fishing
and shipping. There is steamer communication with Stettin,
about 40 m. S.S.W. Kammin is of Wendish origin, and obtained
municipal privileges in 1274. From about 1200 till 1628 it was
the seat of a bishopric, which at the latter date became a secular
principality, being in 1648 incorporated with Brandenburg.
See Küchen, Geschichte der Stadt Kammin (Kammin, 1885).
KAMPEN, a town in the province of Overysel, Holland, on
the left bank of the Ysel, 312 m. above its mouth, and a terminal
railway station 8 m. N.W. of Zwolle. It has regular steamboat
communication with Zwolle, Deventer, Amsterdam, and Enkhuizen.
Pop. (1900), 19,664. Kampen is surrounded by beautiful
gardens and promenades in the place of the old city walls,
and has a fine river front. The four turreted gateways furnish
excellent examples of 16th and 17th century architecture. Of
the churches the Bovenkerk (“upper church”), or church of St
Nicholas, ranks with the cathedral of Utrecht and the Janskerk
at ’s Hertogenbosch as one of the three great medieval churches
in Holland. It was begun in 1369, and has double aisles, ambulatory
and radiating chapels, and contains some finely carved
woodwork. The Roman Catholic Buitenkerk (“outer church”)
is also a fine building of the 14th century, with good modern
panelling. There are many other, though slighter, remains of
the ancient churches and monasteries of Kampen; but the most
remarkable building is the old town-hall, which is unsurpassed in
Holland. It dates from the 14th century, but was partly restored
after a fire in 1543. The exterior is adorned with niched statues
and beautiful iron trellis work round the windows. The old
council-chamber is wainscoted in black oak, and contains a
remarkable sculptured chimney-piece (1545) and fine wood
carving. The town-hall contains the municipal library, collections
of tapestry, portraits and antiquities, and valuable archives
relating to the town and province. Kampen is the seat of a
Christian Reformed theological school, a gymnasium, a higher
burgher school, a municipal school of design, and a large orphanage. There are few or no local taxes, the municipal chest being filled by the revenues derived from the fertile delta-land, the Kampeneiland, which is always being built up at the mouth of
