in December of the same year. Katsena is a rich and populous district.
See the Travels of Heinrich Barth (new ed., London, 1890, chs. xxiii. and xxiv.). Consult also the Annual Reports on Northern Nigeria issued by the Colonial Office, London, particularly the Report for 1902.
Katsena is also the name of a town in the district of Katsena-Allah, in the province of Muri, Northern Nigeria. This district is watered by a river of the same name which takes its rise in the mountains of the German colony of Cameroon, and flows into the Benue at a point above Abinsi.
KATSURA, TARO, Marquess (1847– ), Japanese soldier
and statesman, was born in 1847 in Choshu. He commenced
his career by fighting under the Imperial banner in the civil war
of the Restoration, and he displayed such talent that he was
twice sent at public expense to Germany (in 1870 and 1884) to
study strategy and tactics. In 1886 he was appointed vice-minister
of war, and in 1891 the command of division devolved
on him. He led the left wing of the Japanese army in the
campaign of 1894–95 against China, and made a memorable march
in the depth of winter from the north-east shore of the Yellow
Sea to Haicheng, finally occupying Niuchwang, and effecting a
junction with the second army corps which moved up the
Liaotung peninsula. For these services he received the title
of viscount. He held the portfolio of war from 1898 to 1901,
when he became premier and retained office for four and a half
years, a record in Japan. In 1902 his cabinet concluded the
first entente with England, which event procured for Katsura the
rank of count. He also directed state affairs throughout the war
with Russia, and concluded the offensive and defensive treaty
of 1905 with Great Britain, receiving from King Edward the
grand cross of the order of St Michael and St George, and being
raised by the mikado to the rank of marquess. He resigned the
premiership in 1905 to Marquess Saionji, but was again invited
to form a cabinet in 1908. Marquess Katsura might be considered
the chief exponent of conservative views in Japan.
Adhering strictly to the doctrine that ministries were responsible
to the emperor alone and not at all to the diet, he stood
wholly aloof from political parties, only his remarkable gift of
tact and conciliation enabling him to govern on such principles.
KATTERFELTO (or Katerfelto), GUSTAVUS (d. 1799),
quack doctor and conjurer, was born in Prussia. About 1782
he came to London, where his advertisements in the newspapers,
headed “Wonders! Wonders! Wonders!” enabled him to
trade most profitably upon the credulity of the public during the
widespread influenza epidemic of that year. His public entertainment,
which, besides conjuring, included electrical and
chemical experiments and demonstrations with the microscope,
extracted a flattering testimonial from the royal family, who
witnessed it in 1784. The poet William Cowper refers to
Katterfelto in The Task; he became notorious for a long tour
he undertook, exciting marvel by his conjuring performances.
KATTOWITZ, a town in the Prussian province of Silesia, on
the Rawa, near the Russian frontier, 5 m. S.E. from Beuthen by
rail. Pop. (1875), 11,352; (1905), 35,772. There are large iron-works,
foundries and machine shops in the town, and near it
zinc and anthracite mines. The growth of Kattowitz, like that
of other places in the same district, has been very rapid, owing
to the development of the mineral resources of the neighbourhood.
In 1815 it was a mere village, and became a town in 1867.
It has monuments to the emperors William I. and Frederick III.
See G. Hoffmann, Geschichte der Stadt Kattowitz (Kattowitz, 1895).
KATWA, or Cutwa, a town of British India, in Burdwan district, Bengal, situated at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Ajai rivers. Pop. (1901), 7220. It was the residence of many wealthy merchants, but its commercial importance has declined as it is without railway communication and the difficulties of the river navigation have increased. It was formerly regarded as the key to Murshidabad. The old fort, of which scarcely a vestige remains, is noted as the scene of the defeat of the Mahrattas by Ali Vardi Khan.
KATYDID, the name given to certain North American insects,
belonging to the family Locustidae, and related to the green or
tree grasshoppers of England. As in other members of the
family, the chirrup, alleged to resemble the words “Katydid,”
is produced by the friction of a file on the underside of the left
forewing over a ridge on the upperside of the right. Several
species, belonging mostly to the genera Microcentonus and
Cyrtophallus, are known.
KAUFBEUREN, a town in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the
Wertach, 55 m. S.W. of Munich by rail. Pop. (1905), 8955.
Kaufbeuren is still surrounded by its medieval walls and presents
a picturesque appearance. It has a handsome town hall with
fine paintings, an old tower (the Hexenturm, or witches’ tower),
a museum and various educational institutions. The most
interesting of the ecclesiastical buildings is the chapel of St
Blasius, which was restored in 1896. The chief industries are
cotton spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, printing, machine
building and lithography, and there is an active trade in wine,
beer and cheese. Kaufbeuren is said to have been founded in
842, and is first mentioned in chronicles of the year 1126. It
appears to have become a free imperial city about 1288, retaining
the dignity until 1803, when it passed to Bavaria. It was
formerly a resort of pilgrims, and Roman coins have been found
in the vicinity.
See F. Stieve, Die Reichsstadt Kaufbeuren und die bayrische Restaurationspolitik (Munich, 1870); and Schröder, Geschichte der Stadt und Katholischen Pfarrei Kaufbeuren (Augsburg, 1903).
KAUFFMANN, [MARIA ANNA] ANGELICA (1741–1807), the
once popular artist and Royal Academician, was born at Coire in
the Grisons, on the 30th of October 1741. Her father, John
Josef Kauffmann, was a poor man and mediocre painter, but
apparently very successful in teaching his precocious daughter.
She rapidly acquired several languages, read incessantly, and
showed marked talents as a musician. Her greatest progress,
however, was in painting; and in her twelfth year she had become
a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. In 1754
her father took her to Milan. Later visits to Italy of long duration
appear to have succeeded this excursion; in 1763 she visited
Rome, returning to it again in 1764. From Rome she passed to
Bologna and Venice, being everywhere fêted and caressed, as
much for her talents as for her personal charms. Writing from
Rome in August 1764 to his friend Franke, Winckelmann refers
to her exceptional popularity. She was then painting his picture,
a half-length, of which she also made an etching. She spoke
Italian as well as German, he says; and she also expressed herself
with facility in French and English—one result of the last-named
accomplishment being that she painted all the English
visitors to the Eternal City. “She may be styled beautiful,”
he adds, “and in singing may vie with our best virtuosi.” While
at Venice, she was induced by Lady Wentworth, the wife of the
English ambassador to accompany her to London, where she
appeared in 1766. One of her first works was a portrait of
Garrick, exhibited in the year of her arrival at “Mr Moreing’s
great room in Maiden Lane.” The rank of Lady Wentworth
opened society to her, and she was everywhere well received, the
royal family especially showing her great favour.
Her firmest friend, however, was Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his pocket-book her name as “Miss Angelica” or “Miss Angel” appears frequently, and in 1766 he painted her, a compliment which she returned by her “Portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds,” aetat. 46. Another instance of her intimacy with Reynolds is to be found in the variation of Guercino’s “Et in Arcadia ego” produced by her at this date, a subject which Reynolds repeated a few years later in his portrait of Mrs Bouverie and Mrs Crewe. When, about November 1767, she was entrapped into a clandestine marriage with an adventurer who passed for a Swedish count (the Count de Horn) Reynolds befriended her, and it was doubtless owing to his good offices that her name is found among the signatories to the famous petition to the king for the establishment of the Royal Academy. In its first catalogue of 1769 she appears with “R.A.” after her name (an honour which she shared
