| CH3COCH2Cl+Na·CH·COCH3(COOR) |
| →CH3CO·CH2·CH·COCH3(COOR) |
| →CH3CO·CH2·CH2·COCH3; |
or by the hydrolysis of diaceto-succinic ester, prepared by the action of iodine on sodium aceto-acetate (L. Knorr, Ber., 1889, 22, pp. 169, 2100).
1⋅5 diketones have been prepared by L. Claisen by condensing ethoxymethylene aceto-acetic esters and similar compounds with β-ketonic esters and with 1⋅3 diketones. The ethoxymethylene aceto-acetic esters are prepared by condensing aceto-acetic ester with ortho-formic ester in the presence of acetic anhydride (German patents 77354, 79087, 79863). The 1⋅5 diketones of this type, when heated with aqueous ammonia, form pyridine derivatives. Those in which the keto groups are in combination with phenyl residues give pyridine derivatives on treatment with hydroxylamine, thus benzamarone, C6H5CH[CH(C6H5)·CO·C6H5], gives pentaphenylpyridine, NC5(C6H5)5. On the general reactions of the 1⋅5 diketones, see E. Knoevenagel (Ann., 1894, 281, p. 25 et seq.) and H. Stobbe (Ber., 1902, 35, p. 1445).
Many cyclic ketones are known, and in most respects they resemble the ordinary aliphatic ketones (see Polymethylenes; Terpenes).
KETTELER, WILHELM EMMANUEL, Baron von (1811–1877),
German theologian and politician, was born at Harkotten,
in Bavaria, on the 25th of December 1811. He studied theology
at Göttingen, Berlin, Heidelberg and Munich, and was ordained
priest in 1844. He resolved to consecrate his life to maintaining
the cause of the freedom of the Church from the control of the
State. This brought him into collision with the civil power, an
attitude which he maintained throughout a stormy and eventful
life. Ketteler was rather a man of action than a scholar, and he
first distinguished himself as one of the deputies of the Frankfort
National Assembly, a position to which he was elected in 1848,
and in which he soon became noted for his decision, foresight,
energy and eloquence. In 1850 he was made bishop of Mainz,
by order of the Vatican, in preference to the celebrated Professor
Leopold Schmidt, of Giessen, whose Liberal sentiments were not
agreeable to the Papal party. When elected, Ketteler refused
to allow the students of theology in his diocese to attend lectures
at Giessen, and ultimately founded an opposition seminary in the
diocese of Mainz itself. He also founded orders of School
Brothers and School Sisters, to work in the various educational
agencies he had called into existence, and he laboured to institute
orphanages and rescue homes. In 1858 he threw down the
gauntlet against the State in his pamphlet on the rights of the
Catholic Church in Germany. In 1863 he adopted Lassalle’s
Socialistic views, and published his Die Arbeitfrage und das
Christenthum. When the question of papal infallibility arose,
he opposed the promulgation of the dogma on the ground that
such promulgation was inopportune. But he was not resolute
in his opposition. The opponents of the dogma complained
at the very outset that he was wavering, half converted by his
hosts, the members of the German College at Rome, and further
influenced by his own misgivings. He soon deserted his anti-Infallibilist
colleagues, and submitted to the decrees in August
1870. He was the warmest opponent of the State in the Kulturkampf
provoked by Prince Bismarck after the publication of the
Vatican decrees, and was largely instrumental in compelling
that statesman to retract the pledge he had rashly given, never
to “go to Canossa.” To such an extent did Bishop von Ketteler
carry his opposition, that in 1874 he forbade his clergy to take
part in celebrating the anniversary of the battle of Sedan, and
declared the Rhine to be a “Catholic river.” He died at Burghausen,
Upper Bavaria, on the 13th of July 1877.
(J. J. L.*)
KETTERING, a market town in the eastern parliamentary
division of Northamptonshire, England, 72 m. N.N.W. from
London by the Midland railway. Pop. of urban district
(1891), 19,454; (1901), 28,653. The church of SS Peter and
Paul, mainly Perpendicular, has a lofty and ornate tower and
spire. The chief manufactures are boots, shoes, brushes, stays,
clothing and agricultural implements. There are iron-works in
the immediate neighbourhood. The privilege of market was
granted in 1227 by a charter of Henry III.
KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED (1817–1894), English
county court judge, was born at Birmingham on the 9th of
January 1817. His family had for some time been connected
with the glass-staining business. In 1845 he was called to the
bar, and in 1859 he was made judge of the Worcestershire county
courts, becoming also a bencher of the Middle Temple (1882).
He acted as arbitrator in several important strikes, and besides
being the first president of the Midland iron trade wages board,
he was largely responsible for the formation of similar boards in
other staple trades. His name thus became identified with the
organization of a system of arbitration between employers and
employed, and in 1880 he was knighted for his services in this
capacity. In 1851 he married; one of his sons subsequently
became a London police magistrate. Kettle died on the 6th
of October 1894 at Wolverhampton.
KETTLEDRUM[1] (Fr. timbales; Ger. Pauken; Ital. timpani;
Sp. timbal), the only kind of drum (q.v.) having a definite
musical pitch. The kettledrum consists of a hemispherical
pan of copper, brass or silver, over which a piece of vellum is
stretched tightly by means of screws working on an iron ring,
which fits closely round the head of the drum. In the bottom
of the pan is a small vent-hole, which prevents the head being
rent by the concussion of air. The vellum head may thus be
slackened or tightened at will to produce any one of the notes
within its compass of half an octave. Each kettledrum gives
but one note at a time, and as it takes some little time to alter
all the screws, two or three kettledrums, sometimes more, each
tuned to a different note, are used in an orchestra or band.
For centuries kettledrums have been made and used in Europe
in pairs, one large and one small; the relative proportions of the
two instruments being well defined and invariable. Even when
eight pairs of drums, all tuned to different notes, are used, as
by Berlioz in his “Grand Requiem,” there are still but the two
sizes of drums to produce all the notes. Various mechanisms
have been tried with the object of facilitating the change of
pitch, but the simple old-fashioned model is still the most
frequently used in England. Two sticks, of which there are
several kinds, are employed to play the kettledrum; the best
of these are made of whalebone for elasticity, and have a small
wooden knob at one end, covered with a thin piece of fine sponge.
Others have the button covered with felt or india-rubber.
The kettledrum is struck at about a quarter of the diameter
from the ring.
The compass of kettledrums collectively is not much more than
an octave, between 
; the larger instruments,
which it is inadvisable to tune below F, take any one of the following
notes:—
and the smaller are tuned to one of the notes completing the
chromatic and enharmonic scale from 
. These
limits comprise all the notes of artistic value that can be obtained
from kettledrums. When there are but two drums—the term
“drum” used by musicians always denotes the kettledrum—they
are generally tuned to the tonic and dominant or to the tonic and
subdominant, these notes entering into the composition of most of
the harmonies of the key. Formerly the kettledrums used to be
treated as transposing instruments, the notation, as for the horn,
being in C, the key to which the kettledrums were to be tuned being
indicated in the score. Now composers write the real notes.
The tone of a good kettledrum is sonorous, rich, and of great power. When noise rather than music is required uncovered sticks are used. The drums may be muffled or covered by placing a piece of cloth or silk over the vellum to damp the sound, a device which produces a lugubrious, mysterious effect and is indicated in the score by the words timpani coperti, timpani con sordini, timbales couvertes, gedämpfte Pauken. Besides the beautiful effects obtained by means of delicate gradations of tone, numerous rhythmical figures may be executed on one, two or more notes. German drummers who were
- ↑ From “drum” and “kettle,” a covered metal vessel for boiling water or other liquid; the O. E. word is cetel, cf. Du. ketel, Ger. Kessel, borrowed from Lat. catillus, dim. of catinus, bowl.
