W. by Hu-nan. It has an area of 72,176 sq. m., and a population returned at 22,000,000. It is divided into fourteen prefectures. The provincial capital is Nan-ch’ang Fu, on the Kan Kiang, about 35 m. from the Po-yang Lake. The whole province is traversed in a south-westerly and north-easterly direction by the Nan-shan ranges. The largest river is the Kan Kiang, which rises in the mountains in the south of the province and flows north-east to the Po-yang Lake. It was over the Meiling Pass and down this river that, in old days, embassies landing at Canton proceeded to Peking. During the summer time it has water of sufficient depth for steamers of light draft as far as Nan-ch’ang, and it is navigable by native craft for a considerable distance beyond that city. Another river of note is the Chang Kiang, which has its source in the province of Ngan-hui and flows into the Po-yang Lake, connecting in its course the Wu-yuen district, whence come the celebrated “Moyune” green teas, and the city of King-te-chên, celebrated for its pottery, with Jao-chow Fu on the lake. The black “Kaisow” teas are brought from the Ho-kow district, where they are grown, down the river Kin to Juy-hung on the lake, and the Siu-ho connects by a navigable stream I-ning Chow, in the neighbourhood of which city the best black teas of this part of China are produced, with Wu-ching, the principal mart of trade on the lake. The principal products of the province are tea, China ware, grass-cloth, hemp, paper, tobacco and tallow. Kiu-kiang, the treaty port of the province, opened to foreign trade in 1861, is on the Yangtsze-kiang, a short distance above the junction of the Po-yang Lake with that river.
KIANG-SU, a maritime province of China, bounded N. by
Shantung, S. by Cheh-kiang, W. by Ngan-hui, and E. by the
sea. It has an area of 45,000 sq. m., and a population estimated
at 21,000,000. Kiang-su forms part of the great plain of northern
China. There are no mountains within its limits, and few hills.
It is watered as no other province in China is watered. The
Grand Canal runs through it from south to north; the Yangtsze-kiang
crosses its southern portion from west to east; it possesses
several lakes, of which the T’ai-hu is the most noteworthy, and
numberless streams connect the canal with the sea. Its coast
is studded with low islands and sandbanks, the results of the
deposits brought down by the Hwang-ho. Kiang-su is rich in
places of interest. Nanking, “the Southern Capital,” was the
seat of the Chinese court until the beginning of the 15th century,
and it was the headquarters of the T’ai-p’ing rebels from 1853,
when they took the city by assault, to 1864, when its garrison
yielded to Colonel Gordon’s army. Hang-chow Fu and Su-chow
Fu, situated on the T’ai-hu, are reckoned the most beautiful
cities in China. “Above there is Paradise, below are Su and
Hang,” says a Chinese proverb. Shang-hai is the chief port in
the province. In 1909 it was connected by railway (270 m.
long) via Su-Chow and Chin-kiang with Nanking. Tea and silk
are the principal articles of commerce produced in Kiang-su,
and next in importance are cotton, sugar and medicines. The
silk manufactured in the looms of Su-chow is famous all over the
empire. In the mountains near Nanking, coal, plumbago, iron
ore and marble are found. Shang-hai, Chin-kiang, Nanking
and Su-chow are the treaty ports of the province.
KIAOCHOW BAY, a large inlet on the south side of the
promontory of Shantung, in China. It was seized in November
1897 by the German fleet, nominally to secure reparation for the
murder of two German missionaries in the province of Shantung.
In the negotiations which followed, it was arranged that the bay
and the land on both sides of the entrance within certain defined
lines should be leased to Germany for 99 years. During the
continuance of the lease Germany exercises all the rights of
territorial sovereignty, including the right to erect fortifications.
The area leased is about 117 sq. m., and over a further area,
comprising a zone of some 32 m., measured from any point on
the shore of the bay, the Chinese government may not issue any
ordinances without the consent of Germany. The native population
in the ceded area is about 60,000. The German government
in 1899 declared Kiaochow a free port. By arrangement
with the Chinese government a branch of the Imperial maritime
customs has been established there for the collection of duties
upon goods coming from or going to the interior, in accordance
with the general treaty tariff. Trade centres at Ts’ingtao, a
town within the bay. The country in the neighbourhood is
mountainous and bare, but the lowlands are well cultivated.
Ts’ingtao is connected by railway with Chinan Fu, the capital
of the province; a continuation of the same line provides for
a junction with the main Lu-Han (Peking-Hankow) railway.
The value of the trade of the port during 1904 was £2,712,145
(£1,808,113 imports and £904,032 exports).
KICKAPOO (“he moves about”), the name of a tribe of
North American Indians of Algonquian stock. When first met
by the French they were in central Wisconsin. They subsequently
removed to the Ohio valley. They fought on the
English side in the War of Independence and that of 1812.
In 1852 a large band went to Texas and Mexico and gave much
trouble to the settlers; but in 1873 the bulk of the tribe was
settled on its present reservation in Oklahoma. They number
some 800, of whom about a third are still in Mexico.
KIDD, JOHN (1775–1851), English physician, chemist and
geologist, born at Westminster on the 10th of September 1775,
was the son of a naval officer, Captain John Kidd. He was
educated at Bury St Edmunds and Westminster, and afterwards
at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in
1797 (M.D. in 1804). He also studied at Guy’s Hospital, London
(1797–1801), where he was a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper. He
became reader in chemistry at Oxford in 1801, and in 1803 was
elected the first Aldrichian professor of chemistry. He then
voluntarily gave courses of lectures on mineralogy and geology:
these were delivered in the dark chambers under the Ashmolean
Museum, and there J. J. and W. D. Conybeare, W. Buckland,
C. G. B. Daubeny and others gained their first lessons in geology.
Kidd was a popular and instructive lecturer, and through his
efforts the geological chair, first held by Buckland, was established.
In 1818 he became a F.R.C.P.; in 1822 regius professor of medicine
in succession to Sir Christopher Pegge; and in 1834 he was
appointed keeper of the Radcliffe Library. He delivered the
Harveian oration before the Royal College of Physicians in
1834. He died at Oxford on the 7th of September 1851.
Publications.—Outlines of Mineralogy (2 vols., 1809); A Geological Essay on the Imperfect Evidence in Support of a Theory of the Earth (1815); On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man, 1833 (Bridgewater Treatise).
KIDD, THOMAS (1770–1850), English classical scholar and
schoolmaster, was born in Yorkshire. He was educated at
Giggleswick School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He held
numerous scholastic and clerical appointments, the last being
the rectory of Croxton, near Cambridge, where he died on the
27th of August 1850. Kidd was an intimate friend of Porson
and Charles Burney the younger. He contributed largely to
periodicals, chiefly on classical subjects, but his reputation
mainly rests upon his editions of the works of other scholars:
Opuscula Ruhnkeniana (1807), the minor works of the great
Dutch scholar David Ruhnken; Miscellanea Critica of Richard
Dawes (2nd ed., 1827); Tracts and Miscellaneous Criticisms of
Richard Porson (1815). He also published an edition of the
works of Horace (1817) based upon Bentley’s recension.
KIDD, WILLIAM [Captain Kidd] (c. 1645–1701), privateer
and pirate, was born, perhaps, in Greenock, Scotland, but
his origin is quite obscure. He told Paul Lorraine, the ordinary
of Newgate, that he was “about 56” at the time of his condemnation
for piracy in 1701. In 1691 an award from the
council of New York of £150 was given him for his services
during the disturbances in the colony after the revolution of
1688. He was commissioned later to chase a hostile privateer
off the coast, is described as an owner of ships, and is known
to have served with credit against the French in the West Indies.
In 1695 he came to London with a sloop of his own to trade.
Colonel R. Livingston (1654–1724), a well-known New York landowner,
recommended him to the newly appointed colonial
governor Lord Bellomont, as a fit man to command a vessel to
cruise against the pirates in the Eastern seas (see Pirate).
