KILLYLEAGH, a small seaport and market town of county Down, Ireland, in the east parliamentary division, on the western shore of Strangford Lough. Pop. (1901), 1410. Linen manufacture is the principal industry, and agricultural produce is exported. Killyleagh was an important stronghold in early times, and the modern castle preserves the towers of the old building. Sir John de Courcy erected this among many other fortresses in the neighbourhood; it was besieged by Shane O’Neill (1567), destroyed by Monk (1648), and subsequently rebuilt. The town was incorporated by James I., and returned two members to the Irish parliament.
KILMAINE, CHARLES EDWARD (1751–1799), French
general, was born at Dublin on the 19th of October 1751.
At the age of eleven he went with his father, whose surname
was Jennings, to France, where he changed his name to Kilmaine,
after a village in Mayo. He entered the French army
as an officer in a dragoon regiment in 1774, and afterwards
served as a volunteer in the Navy (1778), during which period
he was engaged in the fighting in Senegal. From 1780 to 1783
he took part in the War of American Independence under
Rochambeau, rejoining the army on his return to France. In
1791, as a retired captain, he took the civic oath and was recalled
to active service, becoming lieutenant-colonel in 1792, and
colonel, brigadier-general, and lieutenant-general in 1793. In
this last capacity he distinguished himself in the wars on the
northern and eastern frontiers. But he became an object of
suspicion on account of his foreign birth and his relations with
England. He was suspended on the 4th of August 1793, and
was not recalled to active service till 1795. He then took part
in the Italian campaigns of 1796 and 1797, and was made
commandant of Lombardy. He afterwards received the
command of the cavalry in Bonaparte’s “army of England,”
of which, during the absence of Desaix, he was temporarily
commander-in-chief (1798). He died on the 15th of December
1799.
See J. G. Alger, Englishmen in the French Revolution (1889); Eugène Fieffé, Histoire des troupes étrangères au service de France (1854); Etienne Charavay, Correspondance de Carnot, tome iii.
KILMALLOCK, a market town of county Limerick, Ireland,
in the east parliamentary division, 12414 m. S.W. of Dublin by
the Great Southern & Western main line. Pop. (1901), 1206.
It commands a natural route (now followed by the railway)
through the hills to the south and south-west, and is a site of
great historical interest. It received a charter in the reign of
Edward III., at which time it was walled and fortified, and
entered by four gates, two of which remain. It was a military
post of importance in Elizabeth’s reign, but its fortifications
were for the most part demolished by order of Cromwell.
Two castellated mansions are still to be seen. The church of
St Peter and St Paul belonged to a former abbey, and has a
tower at the north-west corner which is a converted round tower.
The Dominican Abbey, of the 13th century, has Early English
remains of great beauty and a tomb to Edmund, the last of the
White Knights, a branch of the family of Desmond intimately
connected with Kilmallock, who received their title from
Edward III. at the battle of Halidon Hill. The foundation of
Kilmallock, however, is attributed to the Geraldines, who had
several towns in this vicinity. Eight miles from the town is
Lough Gur, near which are numerous stone circles and other
remains. Kilmallock returned two members to the Irish
parliament.
KILMARNOCK, a municipal and police burgh of Ayrshire,
Scotland, on Kilmarnock Water, a tributary of the Irvine, 24 m.
S.W. of Glasgow by the Glasgow & South-Western railway.
Pop. (1901), 35,091. Among the chief buildings are the town
hall, court-house, corn-exchange (with the Albert Tower, 110 ft.
high), observatory, academy, corporation art gallery, institute
(containing a free library and a museum), Kay schools, School
of Science and Art, Athenaeum, theatre, infirmary, Agricultural
Hall, and Philosophical Institution. The grounds of Kilmarnock
House, presented to the town in 1893, were laid out as a public
park. In Kay Park (4834 acres), purchased from the duke of
Portland for £9000, stands the Burns Memorial, consisting of two
storeys and a tower, and containing a museum in which have been
placed many important MSS. of the poet and the McKie library
of Burns’s books. The marble statue of the poet, by W. G.
Stevenson, stands on a terrace on the southern face. A Reformers’
monument was unveiled in Kay Park in 1885. Kilmarnock rose
into importance in the 17th century by its production of striped
woollen “Kilmarnock cowls” and broad blue bonnets, and
afterwards acquired a great name for its Brussels, Turkey and
Scottish carpets. Tweeds, blankets, shawls, tartans, lace
curtains, cottons and winceys are also produced. The boot and
shoe trade is prosperous, and there are extensive engineering and
hydraulic machinery works. But the iron industry is prominent,
the town being situated in the midst of a rich mineral region.
Here, too, are the workshops of the Glasgow & South-Western
railway company. Kilmarnock is famous for its dairy produce,
and every October holds the largest cheese-show in Scotland.
The neighbourhood abounds in freestone and coal. The burgh,
which is governed by a provost and council, unites with Dumbarton,
Port Glasgow, Renfrew and Rutherglen in returning one
member to parliament. Alexander Smith, the poet (1830–1867),
whose father was a lace-pattern designer, and Sir James Shaw
(1764–1843), lord mayor of London in 1806, to whom a statue
was erected in the town in 1848, were natives of Kilmarnock. It
dates from the 15th century, and in 1591 was made a burgh of
barony under the Boyds, the ruling house of the district. The
last Boyd who bore the title of Lord Kilmarnock was beheaded
on Tower Hill, London, in 1746, for his share in the Jacobite
rising. The first edition of Robert Burns’s poems was published
here in 1786.
KILMAURS, a town in the Cunningham division of Ayrshire,
Scotland, on the Carmel, 2112 m. S. by W. of Glasgow by the
Glasgow & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901), 1803. Once
noted for its cutlery, the chief industries now are shoe and
bonnet factories, and there are iron and coal mines in the neighbourhood.
The parish church dates from 1170, and was dedicated
either to the Virgin or to a Scottish saint of the 9th century
called Maure. It was enlarged in 1403 and in great part rebuilt
in 1888. Adjoining it is the burial-place of the earls of Glencairn,
the leading personages in the district during several centuries,
some of whom bore the style of Lord Kilmaurs. Their family
name was Cunningham, adopted probably from the manor which
they acquired in the 12th century. The town was made a burgh
of barony in 1527 by the earl of that date. Burns’s patron, the
thirteenth earl, on whose death the poet wrote his touching
“Lament,” sold the Kllmaurs estate in 1786 to the marchioness
of Titchfield.
KILN (O.E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove),
a place for burning, baking or drying. Kilns may be
divided into two classes—those in which the materials come into
actual contact with the flames, and those in which the furnace is
beneath or surrounding the oven. Lime-kilns are of the first
class, and brick-kilns, pottery-kilns, &c., of the second, which
also includes places for merely drying materials, such as
hop-kilns, usually called “oasts” or “oast-houses.”
KILPATRICK, NEW, or EAST, also called Bearsden, a town of
Dumbartonshire, Scotland, 512 m. N.W. of Glasgow by road, with
a station on the North British railway company&rsrsquo;s branch line
from Glasgow to Milngavie. Pop. (1901), 2705. The town is
largely inhabited by business men from Glasgow. The public
buildings include the Shaw convalescent home, Buchanan,
Retreat, house of refuge for girls, library, and St Peter’s College,
a fine structure, presented to the Roman Catholic Church in 1892
by the archbishop of Glasgow. There is some coal-mining, and
lime is manufactured. Remains of the Wall of Antoninus are
close to the town. At Garscube and Garscadden, both within
112 m. of New Kilpatrick, are extensive iron-works, and at the
former place coal is mined and stone quarried.
KILPATRICK, OLD, a town of Dumbartonshire, Scotland, on
the right bank of the Clyde, 1012 m. N.W. of Glasgow by rail, with
stations on the North British and Caledonian railways. Pop.
(1901), 1533. It is traditionally the birthplace of St Patrick,
