decided to go first to South Africa to nurse fever cases. She died of enteric fever at Simon’s Town, where she was engaged in tending Boer prisoners, on the 3rd of June 1900. Miss Kingsley’s works, besides her Travels, include West African Studies, The Story of West Africa, a memoir of her father prefixed to his Notes on Sport and Travel (1899), and many contributions to the study of West African law and folk-lore. To continue the investigation of the subjects Miss Kingsley had made her own “The African Society” was founded in 1901.
Valuable biographical information from the pen of Mr George A. Macmillan is prefixed to a second edition (1901) of the Studies.
KING’S LYNN (Lynn or Lynn Regis), a market town, seaport
and municipal and parliamentary borough of Norfolk,
England, on the estuary of the Great Ouse near its outflow
into the Wash. Pop. (1901), 20,288. It is 97 m. N. by E. from
London by the Great Eastern railway, and is also served by the
Midland and Great Northern joint line. On the land side the
town was formerly defended by a fosse, and there are still considerable
remains of the old wall, including the handsome South
Gate of the 15th century. Several by-channels of the river,
passing through the town, are known as fleets, recalling the
similar flethe of Hamburg. The Public Walks forms a pleasant
promenade parallel to the wall, and in the centre of it stands a
picturesque octagonal Chapel of the Red Mount, exhibiting
ornate Perpendicular work, and once frequented by pilgrims.
The church of St Margaret, formerly the priory church, is a fine
building with two towers at the west end, one of which was
formerly surmounted by a spire, blown down in 1741. Norman
or transitional work appears in the base of both towers, of
which the southern also shows Early English and Decorated
work, while the northern is chiefly Perpendicular. There is a
fine Perpendicular east window of circular form. The church
possesses two of the finest monumental brasses in existence,
dated respectively 1349 and 1364. St Nicholas chapel, at the
north end of the town, is also of rich Perpendicular workmanship,
with a tower of earlier date. All Saints’ church in South Lynn
is a beautiful Decorated cruciform structure. Of a Franciscan
friary there remains the Perpendicular Grey Friars’ Steeple,
and the doorway remains of a priests’ college founded in 1502.
At the grammar school, founded in the reign of Henry VIII.,
but occupying modern buildings, Eugene Aram was usher.
Among the other public buildings are the guildhall, with Renaissance
front, the corn exchange, the picturesque custom-house
of the 17th century, the athenaeum (including a museum, hall
and other departments), the Stanley Library and the municipal
buildings. The fisheries of the town are important, including
extensive mussel-fisheries under the jurisdiction of the corporation,
and there are also breweries, corn-mills, iron and brass
foundries, agricultural implement manufactories, ship-building
yards, rope and sail works. Lynn Harbour has an area of 30 acres
and an average depth at low tide of 10 ft. There is also good
anchorage in the roads leading from the Wash to the docks.
There are two docks of 634 and 10 acres area respectively. A
considerable traffic is carried on by barges on the Ouse. The
municipal and parliamentary boroughs of Lynn are co-extensive;
the parliamentary borough returns one member. The town is
governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area,
3061 acres.
As Lynn (Lun, Lenne, Bishop’s Lynn) owes its origin to the trade which its early settlers carried by the Ouse and its tributaries its history dates from the period of settled occupation by the Saxons. It belonged to the bishops of Thetford before the Conquest and remained with the see when it was translated to Norwich. Herbert de Losinga (c. 1054–1119) granted its jurisdiction to the cathedral of Norwich but this right was resumed by a later bishop, John de Gray, who in 1204 had obtained from John a charter establishing Lynn as a free borough. A fuller grant in 1206 gave the burgesses a gild merchant, the husting court to be held once a week only, and general liberties according to the customs of Oxford, saving the rights of the bishop and the earl of Arundel, whose ancestor William D’Albini had received from William II. the moiety of the tolbooth. Among numerous later charters one of 1268 confirmed the privilege granted to the burgesses by the bishop of choosing a mayor; another of 1416 re–established his election by the aldermen alone. Henry VIII. granted Lynn two charters, the first (1524) incorporating it under mayor and aldermen; the second (1537) changing its name to King’s Lynn and transferring to the corporation all the rights hitherto enjoyed by the bishop. Edward VI. added the possessions of the gild of the Trinity, or gild merchant, and St George’s gild, while Queen Mary annexed South Lynn. Admiralty rights were granted by James I. Lynn, which had declared for the Crown in 1643, surrendered its privileges to Charles II. in 1684, but recovered its charter on the eve of the Revolution. A fair held on the festival of St Margaret (July 20) was included in the grant to the monks of Norwich about 1100. Three charters of John granting the bishop fairs on the feasts of St Nicholas, St Ursula and St Margaret are extant, and another of Edward I., changing the last to the feast of St Peter ad Vincula (Aug. 1). A local act was passed in 1558–1559 for keeping a mart or fair once a year. In the eighteenth century besides the pleasure fair, still held in February, there was another in October, now abolished. A royal charter of 1524 established the cattle, corn and general provisions market, still held every Tuesday and Saturday. Lynn has ranked high among English seaports from early times.
See E. M. Beloe, Our Borough (1899); H. Harrod, Report on Deeds, &c.;, of King’s Lynn (1874); Victoria County History: Norfolk.
KING’S MOUNTAIN, a mountainous ridge in Gaston county,
North Carolina and York county, South Carolina, U.S.A. It
is an outlier of the Blue Ridge running parallel with it, i.e. N.E.
and S.W., but in contrast with the other mountains of the Blue
Ridge, King’s Mountain has a crest marked with sharp and
irregular notches. Its highest point and great escarpment are
in North Carolina. About 112 m. S. of the line between the two
states, where the ridge is about 60 ft. above the surrounding
country and very narrow at the top, the battle of King’s Mountain
was fought on the 7th of October 1780 between a force of
about 100 Provincial Rangers and about 1000 Loyalist militia
under Major Patrick Ferguson (1744–1780), and an American force
of about 900 backwoodsmen under Colonels William Campbell
(1745–1781), Benjamin Cleveland (1738–1806), Isaac Shelby, John
Sevier and James Williams (1740–1780), in which the Americans
were victorious. The British loss is stated as 119 killed (including
the commander), 123 wounded, and 664 prisoners; the
American loss was 28 killed (including Colonel Williams) and 62
wounded. The victory largely contributed to the success of
General Nathanael Greene’s campaign against Lord Cornwallis.
There has been some dispute as to the exact site of the engagement,
but the weight of evidence is in favour of the position
mentioned above, on the South Carolina side of the line. A
monument erected in 1815 was replaced in 1880 by a much larger
one, and a monument for which Congress appropriated $30,000
in 1906, was completed in 1909.
See L. C. Draper, King’s Mountain and its Heroes (Cincinnati, 1881); and Edward McCrady, South Carolina in the Revolution 1775–1780 (New York, 1901).
KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, Duchess of (1720–1788), sometimes
called countess of Bristol, was the daughter of Colonel Thomas
Chudleigh (d. 1726), and was appointed maid of honour to
Augusta, princess of Wales, in 1743, probably through the good
offices of her friend, William Pulteney, earl of Bath. Being a
very beautiful woman Miss Chudleigh did not lack admirers,
among whom were James, 6th duke of Hamilton, and Augustus
John Hervey, afterwards 3rd earl of Bristol. Hamilton, however,
left England, and on the 4th of August 1744 she was
privately married to Hervey at Lainston, near Winchester.
Both husband and wife being poor, their union was kept secret
to enable Elizabeth to retain her post at court, while Hervey,
who was a naval officer, rejoined his ship, returning to England
towards the close of 1746. The marriage was a very unhappy
one, and the pair soon ceased to live together; but when it
appeared probable that Hervey would succeed his brother as earl
